Tag: Solid

Introduction

Something that has mass, takes up space, and can be sensed by our five senses is said to be matter. We can put it simply by saying that the things we see and feel around us matter. There are different states of matter. Because of the characteristics of the constituent particles and how they interact, each of these forms of matter has a unique feature. Atoms and molecules make up these particles. The basic elements of matter, atoms, are capable of independent existence. The neutron, proton, and electron subatomic particles that make up each atom determine the characteristics of the atoms.

Matter

The matter is a combination of two or more pure elements. The classification of the material into solids, liquids, and gases is based on its physical characteristics. Its classification into elements, compounds, and mixtures is based on its chemical characteristics. Our surroundings can be either geographical or man-made. Geographical surroundings are formed by nature and affect the social and economic climate, while man-made environments are those that are man-made.

All living and non-living things are called matter because they contain mass and take up space, all forms of life, including gases like oxygen and hydrogen, are referred to as matter. The DNA in our cells, the ground we are standing on, electrons revolving around a nucleus, or any other object is matter.

Types of Matter

The matter is divided into the three categories below based on its physical nature:

• Solids: Particles in solids are so closely packed and held in place by extremely strong intermolecular interactions that only vibratory motion is possible. They have a distinct volume and shape. Wood, iron, etc. are some examples.
• Liquids: Compared to solids, liquids have more freedom of movement due to the weak intermolecular interactions that allow for particle movement. Despite taking on the shape of the container they are poured into, they have specific volumes. Examples include milk, water, etc.
• Gases: These molecules move very freely and have a weak intermolecular interaction. The distance between them is also very large. They fill the container in which they are placed because they lack a set shape and a volume. Examples include hydrogen and methane.

Applying pressure and changing the temperature can modify the nature of the three matter states mentioned above. There are particles in a matter that have kinetic energy; this energy rises with temperature. In solids, the distance between particles and kinetic energy is the smallest, whereas it is greatest in gases. The three types of matter that make up our environment are interchangeable through temperature changes. For instance, changing the temperature will cause ice to turn into water and back again.

Subatomic Particles

Protons, neutrons, and electrons make up the primary units of matter, known as atoms. Protons have a positive charge, whereas electrons have a negative charge, making neutrons neutral particles with no charge. The nucleus of an atom is made up of neutrons and protons, and electrons revolve around this nucleus in their respective orbitals. The quantity and configurations of these subatomic particles greatly influence the stability and characteristics of the atom.

Summary

The Panch Tatva, or air, earth, fire, sky, and water, was the system used by our ancient Indian thinkers to categorize matter. There are billions of atoms in every gram of matter. The matter is everything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is composed of particles that are always moving and have different properties in each of the three states of matter. The particles of matter are very tiny and have space between them.  The three types of matter that make up our environment are interchangeable through temperature changes.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What features do matter particles have?

Ans: The characteristics of matter particles are given below:

a) The intermolecular space that particles have is one of their distinguishing characteristics.

b) Intermolecular force exists among particles.

c) Matter is made up of moving particles.

2. In comparison to solids, liquids typically have a lower density. You must have seen that ice floats on water, though. Why?

Ans: Although ice is a solid, due to its structure, it has a lesser density than water. Ice floats on water because its molecules form a cage-like structure with lots of empty spaces.

3. How can water stored in a matka (earthen pot) cool throughout the summer?

Ans: Since the clay pot has many pores and is porous, the water seeps out of them and evaporates on the pot’s surface, which has a cooling effect. This chills the pot, which in turn causes the water inside to cool.

An Introduction to Matter

1. The matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
2. All matter, whether it be living or non-living, is claimed to be composed of the five fundamental components (panch tattva) of air, earth, fire, sky, and water.
3. The two ways that modern scientists categorize matter are based on its physical and chemical characteristics.
4. Material is divided into three categories: solids, liquids, and gases based on its physical characteristics.
5. The matter is divided into elements, compounds, and combinations based on its chemical makeup.

Physical nature of Matter

Tiny particles make up matter. The three fundamental categories of matter—solids, liquids, and gases—are based on how these particles are arranged. They are sometimes referred to as the physical states of matter. Additionally, this classification is based on variations in several physical characteristics, including mass, volume, form, stiffness, density, and particle arrangement.

Physical Nature of Matter: The Solid-State

In general, all solids have a fixed volume with little compressibility, a fixed shape, and defined borders. When a force from outside the solid is applied, the solid usually keeps its shape. This demonstrates how stiff they are. Solids, however, may break under force.

Characteristics of Solids

1. Solids have a definite shape
2. Solids have fixed volume
3. Solids cannot be compressed
4. Solids have high density 
5. Solids have negligible kinetic energy of the particle
6. Solids do not show the property of diffusion
7. Solids cannot flow

Physical Nature of Matter: The Liquid State

As we’ve seen, fluidity or particle motion is hardly noticeable, while stiffness is at its highest in the solid state. Both of these properties differ when the substance is liquid. In terms of the physical nature of matter, liquids are less rigid than solids and also exhibit considerably greater molecular motion. The presence of weaker inter-particle forces accounts for both of these properties in the liquid state.

Characteristics of Liquids

1. Liquids do not have a fixed shape
2. Liquids have a fixed volume
3. Liquids cannot be compressed much 
4. Liquids show fluidity but not rigidity 
5. Liquids are less dense
6. Particles can diffuse easily in a liquid state

Physical Nature of Matter: The Gaseous State

The gaseous state has the most inter-particle gaps out of the three states described by the Physical Nature of Matter. The different particles are kept together as tightly as possible in the gaseous state by inter-particle interactions. As a result, stiffness is at its lowest and fluidity is at its highest.

Characteristics of Gases

1. Gases do not have fixed shapes
2. Gases exhibit maximum fluidity
3. Gases are highly compressible
4. In the gaseous state, the kinetic energy of the particles is very high 
5. Gases diffuse rapidly 

Summary

There are three different types of physical nature in the world around us. Solid, liquid, and gas are these we breathe in air, which is a gas, and we drink water, which is a liquid. Because different types of matter contain varied amounts of inter-particle space, we have mentioned three possible states of matter. In this article, we studied the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases. In a nutshell, this is how matter behaves physically in the universe.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the differences between solids, liquids and gases?

Solids	Liquids	Gases
Have strong intermolecular force.	Weak intermolecular force.	Very weak intermolecular force.
Have definite shape and volume.	Do not have a definite shape, but have a definite volume.	Neither have definite shape nor definite volume.
Have high density.	Have low density.	Have very low density.
Solids can not be compressed.	Liquids can be compressed.	Gases are highly compressible.

2. What do you understand by matter?

Ans. The matter is anything with mass that takes up space. Atoms are the minuscule constituent parts of matter. Matter exists in three different states. Gas, liquid, and solid.

3. What are physical property and chemical properties?

Ans. A substance’s physical property is a quality that can be seen or quantified without affecting the substance’s identity. Colour, density, hardness, and melting and boiling points are examples of physical qualities. The capacity of a substance to go through a particular chemical transition is described by its chemical property.

Introduction

The measurement of a system or substance’s heat is called its temperature. The pace of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction typically increases as the temperature rises in most chemical processes. Temperature is the internal energy contained within a particular system. Temperature can be measured by a thermometer. Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius, which is written as °C, and can be also measured in Kelvin (K) and Fahrenheit (°F). Temperature alters the states of matter by reducing or increasing the interatomic distances. 

Temperature Effect/Effect of Temperature

In several ways, the temperature has an impact on substances, processes, and enzymes. A substance’s state can be altered by varying its temperature. As the temperature rises, a solid can turn into a liquid, and as the temperature rises more, a liquid can turn into a gas. At high temperatures, a solid can be directly converted into a gas and this process is known as sublimation. Similar to the process where liquids may turn into solids at low temperatures, gases can become liquids by raising pressure while lowering the temperature. The rate of response of the transformation between the different states of matter is also positively or negatively impacted by temperature.

Learn More about Temperature and Heat. Check out more videos in 7th Class Science Lesson no 4.

The Effect of Change of Temperature on Solid State

As the temperature rises, the particles’ kinetic energy rises as well. As a result of the increase in kinetic energy, particles move faster and begin vibrating more quickly. The forces of attraction between the particles are weakened or eliminated by the heat energy. The particles start to travel more freely after leaving their fixed places. At some point, the solid melts and becomes a liquid. The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it begins to dissolve into a liquid. When two distinct solid objects formed of the same substance are melted, they might combine to form a new one, a process known as fusion.

Effect of Change of Temperature on States of Matter

Heating and cooling are the two primary methods for converting states of matter. By applying heat, a solid can be transformed into a liquid. Similar to how a liquid may become a gas by heating. The opposite is also true; when a gas loses any of its thermal energy, it turns into a liquid. Further, removing a liquid causes its heat energy to solidify. The rising temperature causes a rise in the kinetic energy of the particles and the interspace between them. The force of attraction between particles is reduced by the increase in kinetic energy. 

Effect of Temperature on Pressure

A physical force that is applied to an item by anything in touch with it is called pressure. The pressure can be estimated by the force per unit area. Three variables which affect how much pressure a gas exerts on the walls of the chamber of a container in which it is contained and surrounded by a vacuum. These factors are the quantity of gas within the chamber, the chamber’s size, and the gas’s temperature. The link between the pressure and temperature of gases can be explained, according to the gas law, which states that the pressure of a given volume of a specific gas is precisely proportional to its temperature at a constant volume. This relationship between pressure and temperature is what is meant by the term “pressure-temperature relationship.” It can be modelled as:

  P∝T

A system’s temperature changes cause the molecules in the gas to move more quickly, increasing the pressure on the gas container’s wall. The system’s pressure rises as a result. The pressure likewise lowers when the system’s temperature rises. As a result, for constant volume, the pressure of a given gas is exactly proportional to the temperature.

The gas expands in volume at constant pressure as the temperature rises. The volume of the gas grows because it requires more space to move since the kinetic energy of the molecules increases as the temperature rises.

Effect of Temperature-Examples

The usage of light sticks or glow sticks is one illustration of how temperature affects the speed of chemical reactions. Chemiluminescence, a chemical process, occurs on the light stick. But neither is needed for nor produced by this reaction. The temperature has an impact on its pace. Precipitation reaction, activation energy, etc. are further examples.

Summary

The many states of matter are significantly impacted by temperature. The impact of temperature varies depending on the condition of matter. The kinetic energy of the state increases with temperature, yet the force of attraction varies depending on the state. The various states of matter are also impacted under constant pressure and volume. The pressure of the gas drops while the volume remains constant. The volume of the gas grows with constant pressure.

Frequently asked questions

1. What is the Liquid State of Matter?

Ans: Between the solid and gaseous forms of matter is the liquid state. Ice (solid), liquid as water, and gas as vapor are the three states of water. Although liquids do not have particular shapes, they do have specific volumes. The force of attraction in the liquid state is stronger than that in the gaseous state and weaker than that in the solid state. Atoms in this state have kinetic energies that are higher than those in solids, but lower than those in gases.

2. What Happens when the Temperature of a Gas Increases at Constant Pressure?

Ans. The temperature of a given system or gas container rises as the pressure in that system or container rises. While the pressure remains constant, the temperature rises, the velocity of the gas molecules increases, and the volume of the gas rise. As the gas’ temperature rises, the gas ascends into the atmosphere.

3. What is the Relationship between Pressure and Volume in Boyle’s Law?

Ans: When the temperature is maintained constant, Boyle’s Law states that the pressure exerted by a certain quantity of gas (the number of moles) is inversely proportional to the volume. The volume of the gas reduces with increasing pressure, and vice versa. The molecule tends to approach.