Tag: Revolution

Introduction

The principles of liberty, equality, and democratic rights fueled a yearning for change in the societies of other European nations during the French Revolution. The spread of these ideas throughout Europe gave people in other nations hope that they might speak out against their oppressive, autocratic rulers and motivated them to launch nationalist movements for social change in their nations. However, the concepts of social change varied throughout European nations. Some desired gradual social change, while others wished for radical reform of the social order.

Social Change 

The French Revolution sparked a social upheaval that swept throughout the globe and gave rise to optimism for fundamentally altering how society was organised. Liberal, conservative, and radical political trends were all invited by the need for change in European society.

• Liberals: The group of people aimed to create a new society that would maintain equality between various religious sects and promote religious tolerance in the country. They opposed the hereditary rulers’ disproportionate influence. These liberals also felt that people’s rights should be preserved, and they called for an elected representative form of government free from the influence of rulers and higher officials in terms of how the law is interpreted by an impartial judiciary. 

Liberals supported the principle of equality, but unlike Democrats, they never advocated for the universal adult franchise. Instead of women and members of lower social classes, they preferred that the ability to vote be restricted to the society’s propertied men (poor).

• Radicals: Another group in society that called for a change in the social order was the radicals, although they went about it completely differently than the liberals did. They desired that the majority of the populace elect the government. They supported the women’s suffragette movement, which advocated for the extension of voting rights to women. 

Radicals questioned the advantages accorded to land and factory owners because they were opposed to the concentration of power in the hands of a small number of members of the affluent class and because this was causing inequality in society. In a sense, radicals desired to alter the underlying character of the social order.

• Conservatives: This group was made up of the ruling class, who at first rejected the “change” that liberals and radicals advocated in favour of the status quo, or that things should stay the same. However, with the French Revolution, they were willing to change, albeit slowly, and wished to save some of the traditional institutions in remembrance of the past. As a result, the nineteenth century saw a transformation in the ideological foundation for social development.

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Social Change in Europe

European society underwent significant socio-economic development during the eighteenth century. This resulted from the Industrial Revolution’s expansion of industries, industrial districts, and railroads, which led to the emergence of new cities. On the one hand, this industrialization helped the European economy while also having an impact on society. As a result of this, people moved to newly established cities to work in factories. They were required to work long hours for meager pay. If the industrial job was seasonal or duration-based, unemployment became widespread, which also contributed to issues with sanitation and health.

Because some of these workers were also property owners and bosses, radicals and liberals consistently urged reform in response to the dreadful conditions in which they saw the workers. Instead of just the wealthy, they desired that all facets of society benefit from industrialization. They also thought that an educated and healthy workforce might boost the economy’s prosperity. But the old aristocracy and the Conservative government, which came to power in 1815, were causing them problems since they did not allow liberals and radicals to manage their companies as they desired. Therefore, revolutionaries from many European nations, including France, Germany, Italy, and Russia, attempted to remove the ruling monarchs.

Implications

The following were two significant effects of the social change in Europe throughout the nineteenth century:

The rise of nationalism: The idea of nationalism became more common due to the socioeconomic transformation in Europe. To better the welfare of the populace, new reforms were implemented. Now, nationalist movements are not exclusive to Europe anymore. It was in European colonies where social revolution first emerged.

The coming of socialism: In Europe, socialism began to gain ground because it believed that the existence of private property was the source of all societal ills. Properties and production factors were supposed to be owned collectively under this arrangement. They fantasized about living in a society without classes here. Socialists accused capitalists of being solely concerned with their profit and not at all concerned with the well-being of workers. Therefore, capitalism was viewed as abusing workers.

Summary

After the French Revolution, revolutionary concepts began to spread throughout Europe during the nineteenth century. People began speaking up to abolish the previous social order, in which authority was confined to a small number of socially favored groups. As a result, there was a surge of social upheaval in European nations. People demanded changes in society in various ways, which were known as liberal, radical, and conservative approaches. With the end of monarchies and privileged landowners, these changes ultimately resulted in the emergence of nationalism and socialism throughout Europe.

FAQ’s

1. What was the Industrial Revolution?
Ans. The construction of factories and machinery, together with widespread manufacturing, is referred to as the “Industrial Revolution.” It caused the shift from producing items manually to producing them using machinery.

2. Why did Radicals want a Fundamental Change in Society?
Ans. The radicals were people who belonged to the lower class and had long been taken advantage of by the ruling class. They, therefore sought to end the social stratification in which the lower classes were consistently denied any advantages.

3. What do you understand by Capitalism?
Ans. An economic system known as “capitalism” was one in which private organizations or individuals, as opposed to the government, owned the means of production and the industries.

4. “Social change is Necessary”. How far do you agree with this Statement? Explain.
Ans. Yes, I agree that “social change is important.” As can be seen from the social changes in Europe from the eighteenth to the nineteenth centuries, these changes significantly altered the social structures of those nations. This transformation is unavoidable, and getting rid of ineffective components, enables citizens to take the required stand against social injustice. In a nutshell, societal change empowers people so they can improve society for the coming generations.

Introduction

Numerous developments occurred at the turn of the 19th century. The world witnessed the effects of modern ideas after the French Revolution, and a wave of modern thought swept the globe. Science witnessed a number of inventions and an influx of contemporary ideas. Two of these cutting-edge concepts rose to the top. A liberal and a radical were ones and the same. These concepts were the result of the industrial revolution’s mechanisation of manufacturing. The liberal philosophy supported the development of property through increasing output.

Industrial Society and Social Change

With the development of the steam engine, the manufacturing process underwent a dramatic transformation, sparking the industrial revolution. The ancient feudal societies were transformed into industrial societies at the height of the industrial revolution in the early 19th century. England was the first European nation to transition into an industrial civilization, and it was here that the first industries were established.

It was a period of building new industries, new cities, and enlarged railroads. It caused a movement from the countryside to the metropolis in pursuit of factory labour, bringing both men and women to the workplace. The unemployment rate rose as the number of workers rose. Long working hours and low pay made it difficult to improve living circumstances. Cities’ housing and sewage issues worsened, and slums began to develop. Instead, because they could now turn their labour into wealth, the workers saw the industrial revolution as a chance to improve their social status.

Coming of Socialism in Europe

The social dynamic shifted as industrial societies emerged in Europe. Villagers abandoned farmland and moved to cities in quest of employment. By the middle of the nineteenth century, socialism had spread throughout Europe. Even though they were creating jobs for people and amassing property for their own use rather than for the benefit of others, socialists were opposed to private ownership. 

Socialists supported local government control over the land. Varied socialists held different opinions; some believed that socialism could be attained by individual effort. The earliest socialists aimed to establish collective production and create a cooperative society; thinkers like Robert Owen and William Morris were among them. Others thought that creating cooperatives fell under the purview of the government.

Following the arrival of Karl Marx, socialism underwent significant growth. He was a German sociologist who immigrated to Britain and rose to prominence as a socialist. He asserted that large manufacturers and private property owners control the current industrial society. He referred to that class as the “capitalist” class and asserted that these powerful capitalists exploit their employees. He referred to contemporary industrial civilization as a capitalist one. It was communism that Marx ultimately wanted to see in society. Marx urged the working class to seize control of the state until communism was achieved because of this.

What is Socialism?

The idea of socialism gained popularity in the 19th century, although its roots may be seen in the writings of classical philosophers like Plato, who discussed a communal society in his work “Republic.” A theory that favours collective ownership above private ownership is known as socialism. In socialism, the society as a whole has authority over the property for the benefit of all of its members. It is not individualistic; instead, it views the community as a whole and emphasises communal goods.

The idea of socialism as an ideology was never fully explored by earlier thinkers like Saint Simon and Robert Owen, who instead focused on collective community. It wasn’t until Karl Marx and his work the critique of political economy that socialism emerged as the dominant ideology.

Marx’s central thesis is that there will inevitably be a class war between the capitalist class and the working class, which will lead to a revolution. One significant way that socialism differs from capitalism is that it emphasises economic equality together with social and political equality.

Spread of Socialism

Marx was crucial in making socialism more widely accepted. In 1864, he created the First International or International Working Men’s Association. It was a group of labour leaders who weren’t fully dedicated to socialism or revolution. This demonstrates Marx’s determination to spread the concept of socialism. The socialist movement had spread throughout Europe by the 1870s. The First International was continued as the Second International on July 14, 1889, due to its success. It was an alliance of socialist and labour parties that carried on the first international mission.

Workers began forming worker unions and cooperatives throughout Europe, particularly in nations like England, Germany, France, and Italy. They formed groups and began organising to fight for their rights, better living and working circumstances, and pay that was fair. The labour union and other labour organisations in England were combined to become the labour party in 1905. The social democratic party took power in Germany. In 1905, the French Socialist Party was also established. The goal of all the numerous types of socialism that emerged over time was to put an end to the class struggle.

Summary

The philosophy of socialism first appeared in Europe in the 19th century. It was brought on by the negative consequences and declining living conditions of industrial workers. According to socialism, a state is a tool for the exploitation of the working class. The concept of class conflict is central to socialism. It asserts that the stronger class has always been taken advantage of by the dominant class. The worker class is taken advantage of by capitalists in today’s capitalist society.

FAQs

1.What is the difference between Socialism and Capitalism?
Ans. According to capitalism, a person is free to amass as much wealth as he likes, and it would be under his control. Capitalism gives primacy to the right to property. Socialism rejects the idea of concentrating wealth in the hands of a small number of people and is opposed to private ownership. Socialism gives the group a higher priority than the individual.

2.What type of Government did the Socialists Support?
Ans. To socialists, the government should assist in the creation of cooperatives and fight to improve a lot of the working class, according to socialists. Socialists favour public management of the available resources.

3.Explain Fabian Socialism.
Ans. This particular brand of socialism emerged in Britain. Instead of discussing the revolution to bring about socialism, it focuses on political parties and seeks to gain power through their sway.

Introduction

The pivotal event that fundamentally altered the nature of politics on a worldwide scale was the Russian Revolution. The Bolsheviks, a Marxist revolutionary group, destroyed the Tsarist government in Russia while the world watched in horror. Early in 1917, the Revolution began, and it lasted until 1923. Two revolutions and the start of a civil war in Russia were part of this insurgent period. It developed over time as a result of the Tsar’s monarchical government’s inefficiency and dishonest practices, growing dissatisfaction among racial minorities, peasants, the military, and workers, Russia’s involvement in World War I, and the dire state of the Russian economy. All of these issues ultimately resulted in a violent Revolution.

Economic and Social Conditions

Before the Russian Revolution of 1917, society was split into royalty and aristocracy, which made up only 12.5% of the population, and peasants, who made up about 82% of the population and the working class, which made up 4%. Russia was unable to participate in the huge Industrial Revolution that other regions of Europe saw. Thus, the middle-class population in Russia did not increase significantly. Only 1.5% of the population was represented. 

Due to the lack of middle-class people, a small number of people have come to control much of the money and power. As a result, the powerful population was ruled by autocratic kings. The majority of the landowners were members of the nobility and royalty. Therefore, those who suffered the most during the Tsarist dictatorship were the rural peasantry and the urban working class. Early 19th-century Russia had extremely low social conditions, from the life expectancy rate to literacy, schools, roads, hygiene, and sanitation.

Russia began to experience industrialization in the early 20th century. It resulted in a number of political and social reforms. Still, agricultural labour was more important in Russia. The peasants who farmed the land were released from serfdom in 1861 by the earlier Tsar Alexander II, but they were never given the opportunity to become proprietors. They laboured in the fields of other landowners since they lacked land. As the government paid the landowners, peasants were given land to work on. The peasants were consequently compelled to reimburse the government for this money. Their discontent was unrestrained. Due to the fact that the majority of lands were privately owned, the peasants attempted to protest this injustice and called for land reform at the beginning of the 20th century. Poor, disgruntled peasants began to migrate to cities almost as soon as the 19th century ended. They were exposed to cosmopolitan ideology and industrialised urban culture.

Policy of Russification

The “Russification” strategy of the Tsar forced numerous nationalities to renounce their culture and languages, which infuriated them. Even Russians had a limited range of privileges. They were supposed to carry out all their responsibilities and demonstrate their unwavering commitment to the rulers. As a result, Tsar Nicholas II’s rule was becoming less and less popular with the populace, which had earlier supported him with slogans like “One Tsar. One Church. One Russia.”

The First World War

In 1914, the First World War added fuel to the already-burning inferno. Russia’s decision to join the conflict increased the need for industry workers to generate war materials. The already irate employees grew enraged. People in general were backing the workers because they shared their opposition to Russia’s involvement in the conflict. The unskilled peasants enrolled as factory workers, while the workers were forced to serve in the military. Millions of Russian soldiers died in World War I before the end of 1916. Russia experienced a severe famine that affected the entire nation. Because of the paucity of military supplies and equipment, which made their defeats worse, the military also began to revolt.

Implications

The military was ordered by the administration to shoot the demonstrators, but they refused. The Russian army’s uprising in February 1917 in and around Petrograd served as the catalyst for the revolution. The troops believed that if the Tsar resigned, Russia’s situation would improve. As a result, the Tsar relinquished his position of authority, and the Russian Provisional Government, which served capitalist interests, took over. The outcomes did not satisfy the working-class folks. Later, the working class joined forces with the extreme-left Bolsheviks to start the infamous October Revolution, which was followed by the Russian Civil Wars, which ultimately resulted in the foundation of the Soviet Union.

Summary

The Russian Revolution was a noteworthy occurrence that forever changed the course of human history. Beginning with the February Revolution, it underwent a number of changes that eventually resulted in the October Revolution, the Russian Civil War, and the transfer of power to the Bolshevik party, which created the Soviet Union. Before the revolution, Russian society was in a precarious state. The Tsarist regime’s careless, dishonest, and inadequate governance, Russia’s involvement in World War I despite its economic ruin, the growing discontent of the peasants, workers, militaries, and ethnic minorities, and differences in political opinions among various groups all contributed to the legendary Russian Revolution of 1917.

Frequently Asked Questions 

1.Before the 1917 Revolution in Russia how was the Situation of Socialist Parties?
Ans. Prior to 1914, the Russian government outlawed all political parties, although in the late 19th century, the Socialists were still actively operating in Russia’s rural districts. The socialists founded the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party in 1898. It adhered to Marxist principles. In 1900, the Socialist Revolutionary Party was also founded.

2.What is Duma and why was it Built?
Ans. Following the people’s strike, the Tsar published the “October Manifesto,” in which he proposed creating a democratic, elective parliament that would give the people more control. The name of this democratic legislature was Duma. However, the Tsar disbanded the first two Dumas because he believed they were not working with him.

3.How did the Revolutionary Tribunal Operate?
Ans. The Revolutionary Tribunals were established during the Russian Revolution and Civil War in order to combat the counter-revolutionaries. It was attempting to stop the elements who wished to destroy the revolution while also advancing it unhindered. When the Provisional Government of Russia was unable to administer justice for the Russian people, it operated as a supporting institution.

4.What Function did the Church Services during the Russian Revolution?
Ans. The Russian Orthodox Church collaborated with the Tsar. By claiming that the Tsar was chosen by God in their official theology, they strengthened the dictatorial rule of the Tsar. They claimed that any demonstrations against their “little father” would be viewed as an insult. Churches received funding for advancing the Tsar’s agenda.