Tag: Nature

Introduction

The Mughal Dynasty, which controlled India from the 16th to the 18th century, was founded by Babur. It is one of India’s longest-reigning dynasties was the Mughals. Except for a few regions in south India, they controlled most of the Indian subcontinent. One of India’s most powerful dynasties, the Mughals were the first to rule the nation on their own. Before the Mughals, all earlier dynasties originated outside of India and maintained their cultural allegiance to their nations. They governed for 200 years and seven generations, claiming India as their nation. 

The Mughal emperors who governed India are as follows-

Babur

Babur (1526-30)

• Babur was the son of Umar Sheikh Mirza, the former ruler of Fergana, which is situated to the north of the Hindukush Mountain. He was only 12 years old when he ascended to power.
• Babur‘s Timurid lineage has led him to look toward India constantly. Punjab was important to him because Taimur formerly ruled there.
• He advanced deeper into northwest India, conquering Sialkot and Lahore.
• Babur was waiting for the ideal time to conquer the interior of India. To assault Ibrahim Lodi, he received an invitation from Dauat khan Lodi.
• Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the pivotal battle of Panipat (1526) and took control of Delhi, and Agra.
• Babur imported gunpowder to India, which led to a new style of warfare.
• He defeated Afghans in Ghagara, Rajputs of Chanderi (1528), Rana Sanga at the Battle of Khandwa (1527), and Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat (1526). (1529).
• Babur laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India.

For more help, you can Refer to Lesson 4 –The Mughal Empire in Social Studies Class 7. Checkout the video Lesson for a better understanding.

Humayun

Humayun (1530-40 & 1555-56)

• Humayun is the son of Babur, and he gained control post the demise of King Babur.
• He initially had a tough time due to the abrupt death of Babur. 
• Also, the elderly Afghans were regaining their footing, and an Afghan soldier named Sher Shah Suri became the Mughal empire’s main enemy. Humayun had to deal with many challenges.
• During the battles of Chausa (1539) and Kannauj (1540), Humayun was defeated and hence, he had to depart for Iran after leaving Delhi.
• He gradually took over Lahore and Delhi after Sher Shah’s demise.
• He passed away in 1556.

Akbar

Akbar (1556-1605)

• Akbar was the son of King Humayun and under the leadership of Bairam Khan, Akbar ascended to the throne following the death of Humayun.
• He defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 with the aid of Bairam Khan, regaining control of Delhi.
• In India, Akbar is regarded as the most significant and influential Mughal emperor.
• He implemented a policy of religious tolerance and used marriage as a diplomatic tool to solidify his connection with the Rajput kings. A Hindu princess was his bride.
• During Akbar’s reign, the Mughal empire grew rapidly. From 1556 to 1605, he ruled over the whole Indian subcontinent.
• Jizyah was dismissed, and Hindu rajas were assigned to positions of authority in his court.
• He founded an Order called Din-e-Ilahi that was based on the Muslim Sufi brotherhood and was open to everyone.

Jahangir

Jahangir (1605-27)

• Jahangir was King Akbar’s son who ascended to the throne in 1605, post the death of King Akbar.
• Because he was the son of a Rajput princess, he followed the policy of fostering stronger ties with Hindu emperors.
• His biggest accomplishment was seizing control of Mewar, which Akbar had previously been unable to do.
• The ruler of Mewar was Rana Amar Singh, and despite Jahangir’s three repeated assaults, he was unable to overthrow Rana.
• When a cease-fire was finally reached, Karan Singh, the son of Rana Amar Singh, visited Jahangir and was warmly welcomed by the emperor.
• He recovered his Mewar domains and made Karan sing a Mansabdar of 5000 ranks.
• In 1627, he passed away.

Shah Jahan

Shah Jahan (1627-58)

• Shah Jahan was the son of King Jehangir and in 1627, he was crowned emperor.
• He began expanding the Mughal sphere of influence in the south. He took control of Bijapur and Golkonda.
• Shah Jhan had a passion for architecture and constructed the Taj Mahal, Moti Masjid, Jami Masjid, and the Red Fort in Delhi.
• Paintings and literary works flourished during his era. In his court, he keeps a magnificent collection of jewels.
• He controlled the Mughal empire until his son Aurangzeb rose in rebellion and imprisoned him for the rest of his life in 1658.
• In jail, he passed away.

Aurangzeb

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

• He was one of Shah Jahan’s four sons. He imprisoned his father, the emperor, and had all of his brothers murdered. Furthermore, he ruled for a very long time (1658-1707).
• In 1663, he put an end to the Ahom uprising, which broke out again in 1680.
• He laid down severe policies, that were implemented against Sikhs and Hindus.
• Aurangzeb faced opposition from Shivaji and the Marathas.
• He murdered Guru Tegh Bahadur Singh in front of a throng as part of his extremely harsh attitude toward Sikhs.
• He was an orthodox king who once more began the Jizya and imposed high levies.
• After his death in 1707, the Mughal empire collapsed under the weight of his policies, which had brought his enemies together.

Mughal Tradition of Succession

• Compared to other dynasties, the Mughal tradition of succession was particularly unique.
• Primogeniture, the custom of selecting the firstborn son to succeed the parents as monarch, was not practised by the Mughals.
• The Mughals adhered to Timurid norms, which mention each son’s equal claim to the throne. Coparcenary inheritance is the term used.
• The Mughal dynasty’s violent power struggles were because of the equal claim of each son to the same throne. A new revolt sprang out whenever the emperor appeared frail or passed away, and princes began battling with one another for the throne.
• There were several plots and brutal fights during the Mughal succession.
• The emperor used to assign his sons the roles of governors and split his territories among them. The princes had duties to curb the rebellion and protect the empire.
• However, as the princes grew more powerful, they frequently revolted against the monarch and occasionally engaged in conflict among themselves.

Summary

India was made into a vast empire by the Mughals, and during their rule, there were numerous administrative and cultural changes. Hindu rajas were permitted to work in the Mughals’ intricate bureaucracy. The Mughals made their contemporary Rajput rajas into high officers known as Mansabdar and for the first time established a good relationship with them. Mansabdars were aristocrats with the authority to levy taxes.

Frequently Asked Questions:

1.Who was Todar Mal?
Ans: Todar Mal was the revenue officer in Akbar’s court and was highly regarded by the emperor. He was a truthful person.

2.What does the term Sulh-i-Kul mean?
Ans: The word, which means “global peace,” is Persian. This was begun by Akbar; it forbade discrimination based on religion. In Akbar’s view, justice applied to all people.

3.What modifications to the nature of warfare did Babur make?
Ans: Babur introduced gunpowder to India.

Introduction

Electrons encounter resistance when they go through a conductor because of the molecules’ attraction forces. The nature of the material determines how much of this resistance is provided. The resistance of the material determines how much electricity flows as a result of voltage differences. Ohm’s law relates electric current (I), voltage (V), and resistance such that,

V = IR

Electrical resistors are devices that provide resistance to an electric circuit. The zigzag symbol in an electrical circuit diagram stands in for a resistor.

System of Resistors

Systems of resistors can be arranged in series or parallel.

1. Resistors in Series Arrangement:

The resistors are arranged in this configuration along the current’s path, one after the other (end to end). As the current passes through the first resistor, its output current enters the second resistor as an input, and the second resistor’s output is then transferred to the third. The equivalent resistor, whose total equivalent resistance is simply the sum of the individual resistance of all the resistors linked in series, may replace all the resistors in a circuit. The equivalent resistor’s formula is:

Each resistor in a series circuit receives the same amount of current, and the voltage across each resistor varies proportionally to its resistance.

The total voltage of the circuit is equal to the sum of the voltage across each resistor when the total current, I, in the circuit is multiplied by both sides of the equation.

2. Resistors in Parallel Arrangement:

All the parallel resistors in this configuration share an input lead and an output lead, i.e., they are connected across each other. Each resistor in a parallel combination has the same voltage across it, which is the same as the circuit’s overall voltage. At a junction, the electric current is split based on the resistance of each resistor. At the output junction, the whole output current is combined once more and flows through the circuit.

Equivalent resistance in parallel is given as follows:

Since the total voltage on each side of the equation is the same, the voltage across each resistor is also the same. We can see that the circuit’s total current, I, equals the sum of the currents flowing through all the resistors.

Summary

Small electrical components known as resistors provide resistance to the passage of electricity in an electric circuit. A circuit can link many resistors in series or parallel configurations. If many resistors are replaced with a single resistor that has the same resistance as the combination, the equivalent resistance of that resistance is the same as the resistance of the series and parallel combination of resistors. The combination formula for series resistors is, Req.=R1 + R2 + R3 +…, and for the parallel combination 1R = 1R1 + 1R2 + 1R3 +…

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the Factors on which the Resistance of an Object Depends?

Ans: An object’s electrical resistance is determined by the characteristics of its material and form. The formula takes into consideration these elements:
R= ρ (l/A)
Where A is the cross-sectional area of the material, Rho is its resistivity, and l is the length of the material through which electricity is flowing.

2. What is Electrical Conductivity?

Ans: The inherent capacity of a substance to carry electricity is known as electrical conductivity. It shows how readily electricity can go through the substance. The symbol for conductivity is (sigma), which is just the reciprocal of resistance such that: σ = 1/ ρ
Conductivity equals. Like resistivity, which is a broad attribute of a material that depends on its size. Air is a superb insulator with very low conductivity, whereas metals are typically good conductors with high conductivity and low resistance. Even at temperatures close to absolute zero, superconductors exhibit conductivity.

3. What is the SI unit of Resistivity and Conductivity?

Ans: The most used system of measuring in contemporary times is the SI unit or the International System of Units. The globe uses this contemporary metric system, which is utilised in all languages.
The SI unit of resistivity- ohm metre (Ω.m).
The base SI unit of resistivity- kg.m³.s−³.A-².
The SI unit of conductivity- siemens per metre (S/m).
The base SI unit of conductivity- kg-¹.m-³.s³.A².