Tag: Feudalism

Introduction

A fundamental shift in the established social and political system brought about by the actions of a group of disaffected members of society is referred to as a revolution.  The sociopolitical system in France was thought to be the root of the problems. This framework was unbalanced, in favour of the upper two estates of society and gave the king absolute power, but denied the common people any basic rights. In the end, the dissatisfied segment of society (third estate) began retaliating against the ruling class, which sparked the French Revolution in 1789.

Reasons for French Revolution

There were many reasons for the French Revolution to take place, some of which are mentioned below-

• Unequal Social Order

French civilization was feudal and had three “Estates”. The first and second estates in France were privileged elites and landowners, but they did not pay any taxes,  instead lived at the cost of the third estate. The third estate was the largest community in French society, still they were denied the right to political representation, even though they were subjected to the full weight of taxation. The vast majority of people hence became unhappy and, as a result, caused the French Revolution.

• Rise to Middle Class

Some members of the Third Estate became wealthy as a result of the growth of international trade and business and were referred to as the Middle Class. In addition to professionals and intellectuals, this class also comprised businessmen and industrialists. Although this middle class was influential economically, they were excluded from political representation since they belonged to the third estate. This infuriated them because they believed that a person’s place in society should be determined by his merits rather than any privileges.

• Philosophers and Revolutionary ideas

The writings of eighteenth-century philosophers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau sparked a revolutionary spirit among the French people, especially the educated middle class. They challenged the clergy and members of the church for having excessive power and influence. Philosophers published their thoughts in books and newspapers, which spread the options of liberty and equality among the middle class and led to the French Revolution.

• Economic Crisis 

By the second part of the eighteenth century, the French economy was in trouble. The demand for food grains increased as a result of France’s growing population. On the other side, the inability to produce enough food due to famines and droughts increased the cost of goods.

The French exchequer was also already worn down by supporting the opulent lifestyles of King Louis XVI and his wife, as well as the corrupt government officials. Loan providers began requesting payment of funds with a 10% interest rate. The only way to pay off this debt was to raise taxes on the third estate, which brought anger to that estate and propelled the thought of revolution.

• Autocratic Monarchy and corrupt Administration

People were obliged to start the revolution in France as a result of the monarchy and the government’s combined failure. The monarch insisted that he had the power to rule by divine right and that ordinary people had no place in the decision-making process. And the king gave little thought to the well-being of his subjects, and the corrupt and self-centred royal administrators were more focused on lining their wallets rather than thinking of the benefit of the commoners. People did not trust the governing system and hence led to the revolution.

• Influence of the American Revolution

The French people were motivated to rebel against the unfair control of their nation’s absolute monarchy by the achievement of the Americans in freeing themselves from British domination. Even a few military generals from France took part in the American War of Independence. They brought revolutionary ideas with them when they returned to France, urging people to fight for their rights. This led to the French Revolution.

Summary

The word ‘revolution’ refers to a change in the established social and political structure due to the efforts of the neglected section of society. France’s sociopolitical landscape during the French Revolution of 1789 was completely disrupted by the members of the Third Estate. The existing population was unhappy for a variety of reasons such as inequality, economic crisis, autocratic monarchy etc. which led to the start of the revolution in 1789. This revolution not only affected French society and politics but also impacted the trajectory of human history.

Frequently Asked Questions 

Q1. How did the Third Estate respond to the circumstances in France at the time?
Ans: The third estate rejected the voting system that gave each state one vote, during May 1789’s Estate General’s meeting regarding France’s financial issues. They wanted the voting based on the number of members. Hence, they took revolutionary action by declaring themselves a National Assembly to ensure their representation, which launched the Revolution in June 1789.

Q2. What do you mean when you say that kingship has a divine right?
Ans: The idea that the monarch’s authority to reign comes directly from God’s will, not through the approval of the population, is known as the “divine right of kingship.”

Q3. What historical changes resulted from the French Revolution?
Ans: The French Revolution not only changed the sociopolitical landscape of France, but it also served as an inspiration for many other nations to defend their national interests. In the end, it helped to foster a sense of national awareness that opened the way for national movements around the world.

Introduction

Romans practiced Christianity as their official religion, and after the fall of the Roman empire, it quickly expanded throughout Europe. Feudal lords and wealthy landowners embraced Christianity. Christianity gradually began to rule daily life in Europe. Pagans (non-Christians) were denied access to state institutions and even punished. The Church rose to become both the most influential institution and the largest landowner. Throughout the medieval era in Europe, the church and the king took on the role of the Piller of the feudal society. The Kings and the churches developed close ties. King Charlemagne gained the support of the Pope by accepting the title of “Holy Roman Emperor” from him in 800 AD in France.

The Three orders

French priests introduced the concept of three sections of society. The three estates or orders in medieval European civilization were established on the principle of grouping people into specific categories.

There were three divisions within society-

• First order- The clergy
• Second order- The nobility
• Third order- The peasantry

First order- The clergy

• The clergy was the earliest and most powerful order in medieval Europe. They were the ones who led society’s spiritual life through prayer.
• This order included all clergy members who worked for the Church, including priests, popes, bishops, and cardinals and they occupied the highest position on the social scale.
• The church possessed its own laws, property, and the authority to tax farmers.
• The church leader was the pope and the European Christians were led by the clergy.
• Physically deformed people could not be priests.
• The priests maintained monogamy.
• Bishops used to reside in magnificent palaces and enjoy an opulent lifestyle since they had enormous estates at their disposal.
• This elite had control over the social, cultural, and religious norms of feudal society in addition to managing the religious sector of society.
• The peasants paid an unofficial tax known as the “tithe” that represented one-tenth of their produce to the church.
• The second group of devoted Christians known as monks existed among Christians in the Medieval era in addition to the Church.

Second order- The nobility

• The second tier, following the priests, was the noble class. They were in a prominent position in the government.
• In general, warriors were thought to be under this category.
• The nobles had various advantages and were free people with property rights.
• They were only required to fight for and support their master in battle. It was their one and only duty.
• They received compensation in the form of land in return for this.
• They serve the king as a vassal, which requires them to perform duties for their lord.
• They ruled as the king and were the lords of their domain.
• The peasant served as the nobility’s vassal and appeared in their court for legal proceedings.
• Armies of the Nobility were known as “feudal levies”.
• Large landowners owned manor houses, which were referred to as manorial estates.
• The manorial estates controlled the lands in the villages, where the peasants lived and worked.
• They had everything they needed and led a luxurious life.
• Another class of nobles was the knight, who received a title and a plot of land from the king.
• Knights were expert warriors who made a commitment to fight for their lord whenever necessary.

The third order: The Peasantry

• The third and lowest class in society was the peasant. They were farmers and manual laborers. They had no luxuries or proper recognition in the society.
• The men were forced to fight as foot troops when the monarch required them.
• Peasant women and children were required to work for lords.
• There are two types of peasants- the Free Peasants and the other the Unfree Peasants of Serfs.

Free peasants-

• They owned their own land and served as the lord’s tenants.
• Women and children had to work in the lords’ households for a set amount of time and the lord received all the proceeds none was given to the peasant class.
• The males had to serve in the military for at least forty days every year.
• Additionally, they had to perform community service tasks like repairing the well, creating new roads, etc.

Serfs or Unfree Peasants

• Serfs worked on the lord’s land for free and received no pay.
• The lords had complete control over the serfs, and they were not permitted to leave the estates.
• Even to marry, the surfs had to get their lord’s approval.

Summary

Based on their occupation and socioeconomic standing, European society was divided into three orders or classes during the medieval era. The clergy was the highest and most powerful order, nobility was the second most powerful order, and peasants were the third and lowest order. The clergy included priests and people involved in religious pursuits. The nobles were lords and kings who belonged to the military class. They controlled the most land. The majority of people in society were peasants, who were farmers and slave laborers who served the lords.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Who were monks?
Ans: The faithful Christians known as monks had lonely lives. They were not Church members. Monks led a simple life in contrast to clerics. They lived in monasteries or abbeys. Monks swore to spend the rest of their lives cultivating and praying in the abbeys. The abbeys were generally located far from any populated areas. In contrast to the church, it was accessible to both sexes. Monks weren’t permitted to get married. They contributed to the dissemination of the arts, and several works of writing from the late 13th and early 14th centuries describe them.

2. What was the impact of the churches on society?
Ans: The church made an effort to mold the social environment and living circumstances to the Christian way of life, in the following ways-

• Churches began commemorating Christ’s birth and the day of his resurrection.
•  New Christian holy days have taken the place of pagan holidays.
• Peasants would enjoy the fact that they didn’t have to work on Holy Day.
• People began going on pilgrimages to large churches or martyrs’ shrines.
• The custom of baptizing a newborn child became prevalent.
• The custom of holy days, when people were granted days off from labor to pray, evolved into holidays where people could relax and not go to work.

3. Who came up with the concept of social norms in society?
Ans: According to the French Bishop “Adalbero of Laon,” some people work, some people pray, and some people fight in society. The concept of three social orders was born from there, which led to the formation of The Three orders, Clergy, Nobility, and Peasantry in European society.