Tag: Electrons

Introduction

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that preserves all the features of its element, while a molecule is a compound made up of numerous bonded atoms. Atoms and molecules are related, notwithstanding their differences. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, while molecules are made up of several atoms, therefore they are clearly different from one another. A tomos, from the Greek a-tomos, means “indivisible,” which is apt because atoms are indivisible. Therefore, molecules can be further divided but atoms cannot.

Definition of Atom

Elements can be identified by their unique atoms, which are stable and resistant to chemical breakdown. Atoms typically consist of a nucleus composed of neutral protons and neutrons, with electrons carrying negative charges and circling the nucleus. The size of an atom is dependent on its number of protons and neutrons, as well as the existence or absence of electrons. The typical size of an atom is around 100 picometers, or 1/10 billionth of a metre. Nucleus mass is virtually entirely due to protons and neutrons because electrons contribute so little.

 Atomic Structure

Features of atom on the bases of modern atomic theory 

1. The term “modern atomic theory” is used to describe the most up-to-date, canonical explanation of atoms.
2. According to the foundations of atomic theory, atoms are the smallest units of chemical matter. They are the most basic building blocks of chemistry; they cannot be broken down any more.
3. Each element has its own distinct atomic structure, which differs from that of every other element.
4. Although, atoms can break down into much smaller particles. The nucleus of every element contains the same amount of protons, which are positively charged subatomic particles.
5. Neutrons are also present in the nucleus, albeit the exact number varies amongst isotopes of the same atomic type.
6. There are two types of atoms in the universe: isotopes, which have a varied number of neutrons but the same number of protons. For example, whereas all hydrogen atoms share a single proton, hydrogen-2 also has a neutron while hydrogen-1 does not.

 Proton, electron and neutron

Introduction of Molecule

Atoms of a molecule are held together in a certain configuration by chemical bonds. A molecule, like\({O_2}\), can consist of two or more atoms of the same element or of atoms from different elements. The properties of a chemical depend on the arrangements of its atoms within its molecule. The molecular weight is comparable to the sum of the atomic weights of the molecule’s constituent elements.

Bonding in Atoms

A molecule will be formed by bonding of two or more atoms. The atomic bonding is of several types such as:

Ionic bond

By sharing electrons between atoms, an ionic bond is formed. An ionically bonded substance is salt (NaCl), for instance. One of sodium’s outermost electrons is given up to chlorine so that the latter can finish filling its shell.

Covalent bond

To form a covalent bond, two or more atoms must share electrons from their outermost shell. Polymers are an example of materials that use covalent bonding. Polymers typically consist of long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms connected via covalent bonds.

Metallic bond

When the electrons in the outermost shell are not paired with any particular atom or ion but instead exist as a “cloud” of electrons surrounding the ion centres, a metallic bond is formed. Magnesium, sodium, and aluminium are all examples of elements that form metallic bonds.

Difference between Atoms and Molecules

Summary

According to scientific consensus, the smallest unit of an element that can or cannot exist freely is an atom. Instead, the smallest unit of a compound is a molecule, which consists of a collection of atoms bound together by chemical forces. It’s possible for an atom to be either free or bound. To be sure, molecules exist in a liberated form as well. Aside from that, an atom has a nucleus filled with protons and neutrons and electrons around it. Conversely, molecules are made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bound together and may share some or all of their properties.

 

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. Are there no forces of attraction between the molecules of inert gases?

Ans. Inert gases have stable molecules that are not attracted to one another by electrostatic forces but do have weak van der Waals attractions and London dispersion forces.

2. Is  polar bond an ionic bond ?

Ans. No, a polar bond is not an ionic bond. It is a  specific kind of covalent bond which is formed between an electronegative and an electropositive atom .

3. What is the difference between positron and electron?

Ans. Electrons having the opposite chirality or quantum spin are called Positrons. The polarity of the electric charge is reversed since the spin is anticlockwise. Electrons are found inside an atom while positrons are not.

Metals and Non-Metals

Introduction

The crust of the Earth is packed with a variety of abundant and inexhaustible minerals, as we have studied in our geographical class. These minerals are a blend of natural elements that are extracted and used for various things. Each element and mineral has unique qualities of its own that make it useful.

Metals

Metals are among the sorts of elements that make up the crust of the Earth. They are a combination of substances that are frequently hard, malleable, ductile, glossy, etc. Metals are also effective electrical conductors. They can be found in a free state (without any combination) or a mixed state in the Earth’s core (with a mixture of oxygen, rock, and dust). 

Non-Metals

Non-metal elements are those that do not exhibit non-metallic properties. They are not malleable like metals and have different physical characteristics from metals. They are brittle and ductile as well. When compared to metals, they have a low density. Non-metals can be solid, liquid, and gas, and they are mostly bad conductors of electricity. Non-metals include things like oxygen, phosphorus, and sulphur.

How Do Metals and Non Metals React with Each Other?

1. Metals react with non-metals by transferring electrons from metal atoms to non-metal atoms, resulting in the formation of ions.
2. This process produces an ionic compound.
3. Metal atoms transfer electrons to non-metal atoms.
4. Metal atoms become positive ions, while non-metal atoms become negative ions.
5. Example Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

What Reactions Occur Between Metals?

Metals interact with one another by their degree of reactivity, or strength. The less reactive metal is displaced when a metal reacts more vigorously than the metal with which it is bonding. It could be solid, liquid, or molten.

In other words, metal A is more reactive than metal B if it displaces metal B. Galvanic corrosion results from the collision of two metals. Two distinct metals connected by an electrolyte are required for galvanic corrosion to occur. If this occurs, the corrosion process will be initiated by the electrolyte. More reactive metals corrode more frequently.

Salt solution of A + Metal B > Salt solution of A + Metal

\[Zn\left( s \right){\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}CuS{O_4}\left( {aq} \right) \to {\rm{ }}ZnS{O_4}\left( {aq} \right){\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}Cu\left( s \right)\]

Summary

The concept of metals, non-metals, and their properties are all included in this article. The characteristic of metals and non-metals differ, and each has a unique state of reactivity. Each element and mineral has distinct properties of its own that make it useful.  A variety of organic elements are combined to form these minerals, which are then extracted and used for various purposes.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What Characteristics do Non-Metals Generally have?

Ans. The characteristics of non-metals are as follows.

• A metal’s qualities depend on its size.
• They often have bad electrical conductivity. The main characteristic that sets them apart from metals is this one.
• Due to their greater electronegativity, non-metals have a higher potential of attracting more electrons.
• They retain their electrons and borrow from the metals due to their higher electronegativity.
• The states of non-metals include solid, liquid, and gas. They are brittle by nature in the solid state, giving rise to ductile and non-malleable states.

2. What Significant Function do Non-Metals Play in Our Lives?

Ans. Non-metals such as nitrogen and phosphorus are used in fertilizers to increase plant yield. Phosphorus is used to make matchsticks and fireworks. Chlorine, a non-metal, is used in the water purification process. Carbon, a non-metal, is used in the majority of fuels.

3. What Happens to Metals During Recycling?

Ans. The majority will be smelted into ingots, so they can be melted and processed at metal facilities across the nation. The recycling facilities’ rubbish to the grocery store shelves can be accessible within as little as six weeks.