Tag: Current

Introduction

Every day, new technological components are developed as technology advances throughout the globe. Electricity powers every other home, public space, and industry. People utilise electricity, and they use it for a variety of things. But how is it that this electric current has a particular level of power and continues to flow without any breaks? It is done with the aid of an object known as a conductor. Electric current may readily flow via the conductor. A conductor is built into anything that uses electricity to operate. These currents produce forces that flow in one direction. Let’s discover more about it.

Current Carrying Conductor 

A conductor that is transporting current can withstand the current’s force. Each current has a specific voltage that defines the electrical power. Electric bulbs can burst at high voltage, whereas low voltage results in weak electric current. There is no electric field surrounding the conductors. Unless a charge or electric field is given to it, it is neutral. The conductor’s sole responsibility is to transmit the current uninterruptedly to each source.

Magnetic Field due to Current Carrying Conductor.

A conductor that is conducting current generates a magnetic field everywhere around it. A current, as we all know, is a net charge that moves across a medium. The presence of moving charges in a conductor is a prerequisite for the creation of magnetic fields. Due to the magnetic fields‘ extra charge, an electric field is created. All of these elements help the current flow through a conductor smoothly.

Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

A conductor experiences forces because of the external magnetic field. When two magnetic fields interact, there will be attraction and repulsion (according to their properties) based on the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the current. That’s how a conductor experiences force. This phenomenon is termed Magnetic Lorentz force. This was found by H. A. Lorentz. This force is perpendicular to the direction of the charge and also to the direction of the magnetic field. It is a vector combination of the two forces.

The equation of the force on a conductor having a charge q and moving through a magnetic field strength of B is given as,

F = qvBsinθ

This equation can also be written as,

Where L is the length of the wire and t is the time. Rearranging the above equation, we get,

The Direction of a Force in a Magnetic Field

It is believed that the force acts perpendicular to the current’s direction. The left-hand rule is used to accomplish this. John Ambrose Fleming established this regulation. It is important to remember that the magnetic force is orthogonal to both the direction of motion and the charge velocity. Understanding which direction is applied to it is made easier by the left-hand rule.

State The Rule to Determine the Force or Direction

The direction of force, as we have seen in the article above, is perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the direction of the current. And the Right-hand rule-I decides this. The best mnemonic to remember the direction of force and current flow through the right hand is this example. The details are as follows:

• Place a hand between the magnetic field.
• The direction of the thumb points to the direction of the current (I).
• The fingers are facing the direction of the magnetic field (B).
• Now, the palm is facing the direction of the force (F).

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule Definition

The current-carrying conductor will feel a force that is perpendicular to both the direction of the current and the magnetic field if it is put in the external magnetic field, according to a rule developed by John Ambrose Fleming. According to Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule, the thumb points in the direction of magnetic force, the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field, and the middle finger points in the direction of current if our forefinger, middle finger, and thumb are positioned perpendicular to one another. The late 19th century saw the development of this regulation.

Summary

Conductors have moving charges that are required for the magnetic field. Force moves in a perpendicular direction to the magnetic field and electric current. The magnetic field also exerts equal and opposite force in the current-carrying conductor.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is an Insulator?

Ans: We are aware that conductors enable uninterrupted electric current flow through them. However, it may also be prevented from flowing. Insulators carry out the work. Insulators are regarded as poor conductors of electricity because they do not permit electrons or atoms of materials to travel through them. Additionally, insulators have high resistance. Insulators still have some electric charge even if they prevent current passage. As a result, its primary use is high voltage resistance. Some examples are non-metals.

2. What are some High-Conduction Metals?

Ans: Metals that conduct heat and electricity in a very efficient way are called high-conduction metals, such that of gold, silver, and copper. In these materials copper is for construction purposes, making wires, cables, motors etc. because it’s cheaper than gold and silver. However, gold is used at very specific places due to its cost, and it is robust to environmental hazards like sulphur, oxygen, and water, whereas silver and copper react with environmental hazards.

3. What is a Semiconductor?

Ans: Semiconductors are materials that combine conductivity and insulator properties. Due to their capacity to both deliver and resist current flow, semiconductors are primarily employed in the production of electronic products and equipment. Doping the impurities into the crystal’s structure can change them. Silicon and gallium arsenide are two common semiconductors.

Introduction

H.C. Oersted discovered the magnetic effect surrounding the current-carrying conductor in the 19th century. The region around a magnet or current-carrying conductor where another object feels a magnetic force caused by the magnet or current-carrying body is known as the magnetic field. A current-carrying conductor creates a magnetic field all around it homogeneously due to the flow of current-carrying electrons, which generates a magnetic field, and its magnitude is proportional to the current in the conductor. Therefore, the distance from the current-carrying conductor and the total current in the wire control the magnetic force felt by any object near the current-carrying conductor.

What is a Magnetic Field?

An invisible field called a magnetic field surrounds a magnet or a magnetic substance. The magnetic force operates in this field. Other magnetic objects can be drawn into or pushed away from this field by this magnetic force. A magnetic field develops when electrons move in a certain direction having a negative charge. A magnetic field can be represented by drawing magnetic field lines that are continuous lines originating from the north pole of the magnet and migrating towards the south forming continuous loops. Inside a magnet, this orientation is the opposite.

Magnetic Field due to Current Carrying Conductor

We are aware that stationary charges generate an electric field whose strength is proportional to the charge. The same theory may be used in this situation. Moving charges generate a magnetic field proportional to the strength of the current, which causes the conductor carrying the current to generate a magnetic field everywhere around it. Electrons are responsible for producing this magnetic field. Due to its magnitude and direction, the magnetic field can be considered a vector quantity. The magnetic field’s direction is parallel to the wire’s length. It may be provided using the right-hand thumb rule. According to this rule, if we grasp the conductor carrying the current in our right hand and point our thumb in the direction of the current, our curled fingers will point in the direction of the magnetic field lines. This is seen in the diagram below.

Magnetic Field due to a Current-Carrying Wire

Consider a current carrying wire having a current I, then the magnetic field strength B, at a distance r from the wire can be estimated using the formula such that, 

The direction of the produced magnetic field due to a current-carrying wire is estimated with the help of the right-hand thumb rule, as shown in the below figure.

Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

The equation of the force on a conductor having a charge q and moving through a magnetic field strength of B is given as,

F = qvBsinθ

This equation can also be written as,

F =

Where L is the length of the wire and t is the time. Rearranging the above equation, we get,

Relation between the Current and Magnetic Field 

The relation between current and magnetic field is given by Biot Savart’s Law, such that,

Summary

A magnetic field can be created when electrons moving in a certain direction have a negative charge. An invisible field called a magnetic field surrounds a magnet or a magnetic substance. The magnetic force operates in this field. The relationship between the magnetic field and current strength is direct.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the law of Biot Savart?

Ans: By this law, the magnetic field generated due to a small current-carrying element depends upon the square of the distance between the point and the current-carrying element, the magnitude of the current, the length of the current element, and the sine of the angle formed by the current’s direction and the line connecting it. This law is comparable to Coulomb’s law in electrostatics. The vector quantity is represented by this element.

2. What is the Right-Hand Rule of Fleming?

Ans: When our thumb, index finger, and middle finger are arranged so that they are all perpendicular to one another, this law states that the thumb indicates the direction of the conductor’s motion, the middle finger gives the direction of the current induced, and the index finger gives the direction of the magnetic field. Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule determines the direction of the current that develops when a conductor moves through a magnetic field. This principle is utilised in electrical generators.

3. How Current Produces a Magnetic Field?

Ans: Ampere recognized that whenever an electrical charge is moving, a magnetic field is created. Similar to how an electrical current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field, the spinning, and circling of an atom’s nucleus accomplish the same. The magnetic field’s orientation is determined by the spin and orbit directions.

Introduction

Electrons encounter resistance when they go through a conductor because of the molecules’ attraction forces. The nature of the material determines how much of this resistance is provided. The resistance of the material determines how much electricity flows as a result of voltage differences. Ohm’s law relates electric current (I), voltage (V), and resistance such that,

V = IR

Electrical resistors are devices that provide resistance to an electric circuit. The zigzag symbol in an electrical circuit diagram stands in for a resistor.

System of Resistors

Systems of resistors can be arranged in series or parallel.

1. Resistors in Series Arrangement:

The resistors are arranged in this configuration along the current’s path, one after the other (end to end). As the current passes through the first resistor, its output current enters the second resistor as an input, and the second resistor’s output is then transferred to the third. The equivalent resistor, whose total equivalent resistance is simply the sum of the individual resistance of all the resistors linked in series, may replace all the resistors in a circuit. The equivalent resistor’s formula is:

Each resistor in a series circuit receives the same amount of current, and the voltage across each resistor varies proportionally to its resistance.

The total voltage of the circuit is equal to the sum of the voltage across each resistor when the total current, I, in the circuit is multiplied by both sides of the equation.

2. Resistors in Parallel Arrangement:

All the parallel resistors in this configuration share an input lead and an output lead, i.e., they are connected across each other. Each resistor in a parallel combination has the same voltage across it, which is the same as the circuit’s overall voltage. At a junction, the electric current is split based on the resistance of each resistor. At the output junction, the whole output current is combined once more and flows through the circuit.

Equivalent resistance in parallel is given as follows:

Since the total voltage on each side of the equation is the same, the voltage across each resistor is also the same. We can see that the circuit’s total current, I, equals the sum of the currents flowing through all the resistors.

Summary

Small electrical components known as resistors provide resistance to the passage of electricity in an electric circuit. A circuit can link many resistors in series or parallel configurations. If many resistors are replaced with a single resistor that has the same resistance as the combination, the equivalent resistance of that resistance is the same as the resistance of the series and parallel combination of resistors. The combination formula for series resistors is, Req.=R1 + R2 + R3 +…, and for the parallel combination 1R = 1R1 + 1R2 + 1R3 +…

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the Factors on which the Resistance of an Object Depends?

Ans: An object’s electrical resistance is determined by the characteristics of its material and form. The formula takes into consideration these elements:
R= ρ (l/A)
Where A is the cross-sectional area of the material, Rho is its resistivity, and l is the length of the material through which electricity is flowing.

2. What is Electrical Conductivity?

Ans: The inherent capacity of a substance to carry electricity is known as electrical conductivity. It shows how readily electricity can go through the substance. The symbol for conductivity is (sigma), which is just the reciprocal of resistance such that: σ = 1/ ρ
Conductivity equals. Like resistivity, which is a broad attribute of a material that depends on its size. Air is a superb insulator with very low conductivity, whereas metals are typically good conductors with high conductivity and low resistance. Even at temperatures close to absolute zero, superconductors exhibit conductivity.

3. What is the SI unit of Resistivity and Conductivity?

Ans: The most used system of measuring in contemporary times is the SI unit or the International System of Units. The globe uses this contemporary metric system, which is utilised in all languages.
The SI unit of resistivity- ohm metre (Ω.m).
The base SI unit of resistivity- kg.m³.s−³.A-².
The SI unit of conductivity- siemens per metre (S/m).
The base SI unit of conductivity- kg-¹.m-³.s³.A².

Introduction

Atoms, which give all other matter in the universe its mass, volume, and resilience to survive changes in its physical state, are responsible for the matter’s mass and volume. Each type of matter, molecule, element, or even chemical, has a unique set of features that aid in understanding how that matter is used in everyday life. While the primary characteristics of matter are pressure, density, and volume, the primary characteristics of chemicals are toxicity, chemical stability, and the strength of their covalent bonds. As a result, there are many things to learn about the characteristics of each element and chemical complex.

What are Physical Properties?

As is common knowledge, every element and form of matter has unique characteristics. Physical property is any attribute that can be measured and that also describes an object’s physical condition. A physical state can change through time, which is referred to as a physical state shift. Physical characteristics can also be seen. Meaning that any changes in the physical stuff are readily seen. Without affecting the substance’s identity, these qualities may be identified. Contrarily, this is not true of chemical attributes because the substance changes as a result of identification.

Example of Physical Properties

Recognition and measuring the properties of matter depend upon certain aspects, even though it does not need to undergo any changes in its identity. For instance, if it involves measuring the amount or substance then it is extensive physical property (by appearance)

• Volume
• Mass
• Length
• Shape

If it is not dependent on the amount of substance, then it is intensive physical property (by observing its physical state in extreme temperature)

• Melting point
• Colour
• Boiling point
• Density

Measurement of Physical Properties

For scientific study, measurements of physical attributes are required. Quantitative measures, as the name implies, are used to carry out the task and based on the physical properties (either extensive or intensive), a measurement is made. The SI units are used to express the measurements. The various physical quantities, together with their corresponding symbols and SI units, are displayed in the table below.

Physical quantity	Symbols	Name of the SI unit	The Symbol for the SI unit
Length	l	metre	m
Mass	m	Kilogram	kg
Time	t	Second	s
Electric current	l	Ampere	A
Thermodynamic temperature	T	Kelvin	K
Amount of substance	n	Mole	mol
Luminous intensity	lv	Candela	cd

Physical Properties of Elements

The physical properties of materials are determined by performing intensive material characterizations. We already know that two or more molecules may be combined to form an element. As a result, knowing its qualities based on the number of atoms it contains is simpler. We may learn about a substance’s density, electrical stability, and capacity to tolerate intense heat to determine its melting and boiling points. Understanding the characteristics of the elements is essential since it is beneficial in many ways. We can determine which elements share a particular attribute and which do not. Iron and copper, for instance, have similar characteristics but distinct ones. i.e., they can both conduct electricity. They cannot, however, be exposed to damp air.

Physical Properties of Materials

We have understood the properties of elements, but what about materials? Materials are nothing more than things like metals, ceramics, and polymers. Their differing densities and thermal characteristics set them apart from one another. Among a material’s characteristics are,

• Thermal conductivity
• Resistivity
• Density
• Melting point
• Corrosion resistance

Three Physical Properties of Water

Even water, which is measured in litres, has physical characteristics. Other than being placed in the container to acquire their form and volume retention, they experience no physical changes. Water has distinct physical characteristics:

• Temperature
• Colour 
• Turbidity
• Taste
• Odour

Summary

Physical characteristics are observable, which means we can see them with our naked eyes. In contrast to chemical attributes, physical properties do not experience any changes to their physical state. There are two ways to observe physical qualities. Both extensive and intensive physical properties.

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. What is a Physical Change?

Ans: Except for one or more physical features, a substance’s chemical properties remain unchanged. We refer to this as a bodily transformation. In other words, a substance is capable of taking on any shape, size, or structural modifications. Physical changes also include state changes, such as going from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas. Cutting, bending, melting, freezing, boiling, and dissolving are a few of the processes that result in physical changes.

2. What are the Chemical Properties of Matter?

Ans: Chemical characteristics are the measurements or observations of a chemical substance. Chemicals contain certain characteristics that can only be identified when the substance transforms into another sort of substance. For research objectives, chemical characteristics are very useful in differentiating molecules. Reactivity, flammability, and corrosion are a few of the characteristics. Reactivity is defined as the capacity to interact with other chemical compounds. Flames and chemicals react rapidly. Thus, the flame characteristic of many chemicals may be identified.

3. How do bonds Affect Physical Properties?

Ans: Chemical bonds are the electrical forces that hold ions and atoms together during the formation of molecules. These chemical bonds are responsible for the physical properties of matter like hardness, structure, melting, and boiling points. They also influence other properties such as crystal symmetry and cleavage etc. It is more difficult to break apart bonds that are stronger than they are. Hardness, higher melting and boiling points, and less chance of expansion are all caused by stronger chemical bonds.