Tag: Atoms

Introduction

An atom is the smallest component of any given element. Subatomic particles like as the proton, neutron, and electron can be further isolated from atoms, which were once thought to be invincible. Since the quantity of protons and electrons in every atom is the same, every atom is non-conducting.

When an atom loses or gains an electron, the resulting change in charge is noticeable. These charged particles are called ions. Either by gaining electrons (in which case they are called anions) or by losing them (in which case they are called cations), atoms and molecules acquire or lose their charge. The atomic theory’s central idea is that atoms are the smallest building blocks of matter. None of the simplest chemical compounds or elements are capable of decomposing any further.

Atom

A nucleus, which is positively charged, is packed closely with electrons, which are negatively charged, to form the smallest unit of an element called atom. The structure of an atom, on the one hand, and the additional nucleus region, on the other. The neutron (n°) and the proton (P+) make up the atomic structure. Negatively charged electrons are housed in the supplementary nucleus (e-).

All elements and compounds, including atoms, have mass. The protons in an atom’s nucleus are largely responsible for the extreme density of matter there. The proton is the most massive subatomic particle, followed by the neutron and then the electron.

An electron orbits the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, which contains a single proton. Hydrogen is the most lightweight element.

The nucleus of each atom has a specific amount of protons, and these protons attract a matching number of electrons, rendering the atom electrically neutral. Ions can be created by either adding or removing electrons from atoms. A few examples of these elements are hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and iron.

Features of atom on the bases of modern atomic theory 

1. The term “modern atomic theory” is used to describe the most up-to-date, canonical explanation of atoms.
2. According to the foundations of atomic theory, atoms are the smallest units of chemical matter. They are the most basic building blocks of chemistry; they cannot be broken down any more.
3. Each element has its own distinct atomic structure, which differs from that of every other element.
4. Although, atoms can break down into much smaller particles. The nucleus of every element contains the same amount of protons, which are positively charged subatomic particles.
5. Neutrons are also present in the nucleus, albeit the exact number varies amongst isotopes of the same atomic type.
6. There are two types of atoms in the universe: isotopes, which have a varied number of neutrons but the same number of protons. For example, whereas all hydrogen atoms share a single proton, hydrogen-2 also has a neutron while hydrogen-1 does not.

Ions 

When the number of protons and electrons in an atom becomes unbalanced, ions form. Common charged particles include ions. An ion could have either a positive or a negative charge. If an atom has an electrical charge, it is said to be an ion. An anion is an atom in which the number of electrons is greater than the number of protons. When there are more protons than electrons in an atom, we call it a cation. It’s doable without any outside help. In the process of gaining or losing electrons, an atom becomes an ion. Ions can be divided into two categories: anions (-) and cations (+).

When an atom receives an electron, its electron count rises; as a result, it acquires a negative charge. When an atom loses an electron, it receives more protons than it loses, giving the atom a positive charge.

Difference between Atom and Ion

Summary

The contemporary atomic theory suggests that there are two components to an atom. The nucleus and the atomic orbitals. Electrostatic repulsion does not exist between protons and neutrons, hence the nucleus is composed of both types of particles. All stuff is composed of smaller and smaller particles called atoms. Subatomic particles can change into ions by gaining or losing an electron. Ions are sometimes mistaken for atoms, but not always; some compounds can undergo an electron-loss or -gain transformation to become ions. Ions have a net electrical charge, while atoms do not; this is the main contrast between the two.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the function of the nucleus in an atom?

Ans. The nucleus of an atom contains the vast majority of the atom’s mass in the form of protons and neutrons. These two hold down the nucleus. The electrons orbit the nucleus.

2. Does the property on an ion differ from its parent atom?

Ans. Ions have different electronic configuration than their parent atoms. It results in different chemical properties because of the presence of charge. It also differs in terms of size. 

3. Who discovered atom?

Ans. Democritus invented the atom in 450 B.C. He separated a matter into smaller and smaller fragments until it could no longer be divided. He called them atomos, afterwards renamed atoms. John Dalton revives Democritus’ hypothesis and performs several experiments to establish atoms exist.

Introduction

There is matter in our universe. The matter is anything that maintains a quantity and a space. These things have a fundamental unit that cannot be divided into other parts with various chemical and physical properties. An atom is this fundamental component. An element is a substance that only contains one type of atom. Therefore, the species made up of a specific atom are the elements. For instance, there is only one type of atom in pure platinum metal. The atom was once thought of as an indivisible unit, but now it can be divided, releasing a huge amount of energy in the process.

Define an Atom and Molecule

An atom is the tiniest component of matter. The physical and chemical characteristics of the atoms that make up an element are all the same type. An atom is mono-nuclear, meaning that it has just one nucleus, which is surrounded by electrons and houses protons inside the central mass of the atom, the nucleus.

Chemical bonds bind the minimum required number of atoms in a molecule together. It is the joining of various atoms with the assistance of a chemical bond. The molecule oxygen\(\;({O_2})\) is a diatomic homo nuclear structure made up of two oxygen atoms bound together by a covalent bond.

What is the size of an Atom?

Only an estimation of an atom’s size can be made because it is impossible to measure it precisely. However, an atom’s atomic radius determines its size. Atomic radius is calculated by dividing the distance between adjacent atoms in a compound by two. Radii come in a variety of forms, including metallic, covalent, and ionic radii. The metallic radius is the separation between adjacent atoms in a metal. The covalent radius is the separation between adjacent atoms in a covalent compound. Ionic radii are the distances between adjacent ions in an ionic compound.

How atoms are formed?

The atom is the smallest unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus and electrons. The nucleus is the central portion of the atom that contains the positively charged proton and neutral neutron. And is surrounded by electrons that are negatively charged. Protons, electrons, and neutrons make up an atom. They are collectively known as subatomic particles.

Forces between Atom and a Molecule

Molecules are formed when atoms are held together by a strong chemical bond. These bonds are formed by the interaction of an element’s valence electrons to complete the octet. Chemical bonds are classified into several types. They do,

1.Ionic bond: When two atoms approach each other and have a large electronegativity difference, electrons, and anion forms are accepted. And the one that lost an electron will become an anion. An Ionic bond is formed as a result of the attraction caused by the positive and negative charge.

2.Covalent bond: When atoms with similar electronegativity differences approach each other, they share electrons. And this is a covalent bond.

Summary

Chemistry’s fundamental terms are atoms and molecules. Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of elements. A molecule is formed by the combination of different atoms using a chemical bond. These bonds could be covalent or ionic. Protons, neutrons, and electrons make up an atom. The size of an atom cannot be calculated precisely; only an approximation of size is possible. 

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. What exactly are isotopes?

Ans. Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. The same atomic number denotes the same number of protons. And a different mass number means a different neutron number.

2. What is the mass number?

Ans. The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons added to an atom of a chemical element. Lithium, for example, has a mass number of 7. Lithium has 3 protons and 4 neutrons.

3. What is the chemical formula?

Ans. A molecular formula is an expression used to represent a chemical compound that is the simplest whole-number ratio of the composition of elements present in a molecule.

Introduction

While the number of protons is merely the atomic number, the atomic mass of an atom is the sum of both its protons and neutrons. The letters A and Z can be used to denote these. Since it offers the key to the element’s existence, the atomic number is the concept that deals with such a periodic table element. It is only after interacting with this particular proton, which is primarily referred to as this hydrogen isotope’s protium, that the atomic and mass numbers are the same. Keep in mind, in particular, that while the atomic number remains constant, the mass number could change due to the presence of multiple isotopes. The elements are arranged in numerical order by atomic number.

Define Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the atomic number. This is denoted by the letter Z. The number of electrons that surround the nuclei is controlled by the number of protons. In a periodic table with ascending atomic numbers, compounds with similar chemical properties typically cluster in the same column. Different elements have distinctive atomic numbers. For example, all C atoms have an atomic number of sixes, whereas all O atoms have an atomic number of eights.

Define Mass Number

Rutherford proved that an atom’s nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons, contains perhaps the majority of the atom’s mass. The mass number refers to the total number of protons and neutrons in such an atom. Atomic mass units are used to measure this. To represent it, the letter “A” is frequently used. This has typically been accomplished by simultaneously adding both neutrons and protons.

For instance,\(Cl^{37}_{17} \) appears to have a mass number of 37. Its nucleus contains twenty neutrons and seventeen protons.

What is the difference between Valency, Atomic number and Mass number

Valency	Atomic Number	Mass Number
The greatest amount of electrons that even an atom could lose, gain, as well as share, in addition to getting stable is referred to as valency.	An atomic no. is the no. of protons that exist in such an atom.	The mass no. within an atom is the total of its protons as well as neutrons.
The electronic arrangement of such an atom could be used to evaluate its valency.	The mass number has always been less than the atomic no.	The atomic no. is always greater than that of the mass number.
The no. of atoms does not affect valency.	No. of neutrons in an atom does not impact its atomic no.	The no. of neutrons inside an atom seems to not affect the mass no.
The no. of electrons does have a direct relationship with valency.	The atomic no. of isotopes seems to be the same.	The mass number of isotopes varies.
Elements are classified as monovalence, divalence, and trivalence based on their valency.	Isobars with similar atomic no. cannot exist.	The mass no. of isobars would be the same.

Energy Levels of Atomic Orbital

When an electron reaches a certain energy level, it is more likely to be found in these regions than in other regions. Orbitals are the name for those sections. Orbitals with roughly similar energies have created sub-levels. The maximum capacity for each orbital is two electrons. The energy of such an electron in a specific atom may be determined solely by the primary quantum number. In order of increasing orbital energy are the following orbitals:

\(1s<2s=2p<3s=3p=3d<4s=4p=4d=4f\)

Summary

The mass number of an atom’s nucleus is an integer equal to the sum of the nucleus’ protons and neutrons. The atomic number, in contrast, is simply the number of protons. Even though their mass is so small compared to that of protons and neutrons, electrons are not counted when calculating mass because they have no impact on the value. The number of neutrons may change, even though the number of protons in such an element’s units remains constant. An electron appears to have very little mass. Therefore, an atom’s atomic mass is roughly equivalent to its mass no. The mass number represents the weight of an atom’s nucleus in atomic mass units.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is there a relationship between atomic mass and weight?

Ans: No, atomic mass is indeed the weight of an atom, while atomic weight denotes the weighted average of naturally produced elements.

2. Why does an atomic number refer to as a fingerprint?

Ans: The physical or chemical characteristics of an atom have been exclusively governed by the no. of electrons inside its nucleus, but often along with its nuclear charge: the nuclear charge would be an element’s specific “fingerprint,” as well as Z identifies the chemical components individually.

3. Why is it that a mass number is typically a whole number?

Ans: Since it is the total number of the particles, the mass no. is always a whole number. This varies from the atomic mass unit, which is well recognized, as well as written to 6 decimal points.

Introduction

Mixing various compounds is a key aspect of Chemistry. In science, a mixture is a substance mixed with 2 or more relatively simple materials. These substances can be either elements or compounds. Compounds are unadulterated substances. They are composed of the same molecules. A compound’s molecules are made up of two or more different types of atoms that are chemically bonded together. Mixtures are composed of two or more substances — elements or compounds — that are physically but not chemically combined; they lack atomic bonds. Pure substances are elements and compounds that contain only one type of molecule. A mixture is made up of two or more different types of pure substances. In a mixture, the molecules of these substances do not form any chemical bonds. A mixture’s components retain their chemical independence while physically blending together. These components are frequently visible and distinguishable visually.

What is a Mixture?

A mixture would be a substance made up of 2 or even more components that have been physically mixed to maintain the characteristics of those constituents. In plenty of other terms, the properties of a mixture have been fully determined by the components that are present. We may divide the mixture into groups based on particle size as well as uniformity.

Types of Mixtures

Mixtures can often be divided into two types:

1. Homogeneous Mixtures
2. Heterogeneous Mixtures

Homogeneous Mixtures

Homogeneous mixtures are those that have the same composition but also characteristics across their mass as well as body. Light does not flow via these elements. Sugar syrup, alcohol, as well as water are all homogeneous mixtures with particles of varying sizes that make identification difficult.

Heterogeneous Mixture

Heterogeneous mixtures include those mixtures that do not dissolve properly but also do not have similar content. Particular elements are frequently detectable and might even be isolated using both chemicals and physical properties due to such characteristics. Suspensions, as well as colloids, are often the 2 types of heterogeneous mixtures. For example, water and sand, blood, or starch.

What are Compounds

Compounds are atomic components as well as other elements that are linked collectively with a chemical bond. Depending on the substance, such a bond might be ionic, covalent, as well as metallic. Because all compounds possess a fixed ratio of components, they are uniform. Certain substances differ from elements that normally mix to form only one compound unit in terms of their characteristics. Furthermore, a chemically bonded molecule cannot ever be physically detached.

Types of Compounds

Compounds are classified into 3 types:

• Ionic compounds: They are made up of two oppositely charged ions. Electrostatic attraction holds the ions connected. Water is usually reactive in ionic compounds.
• Covalent compounds: They’re made up of atoms that exchange electrons and are also non-polar, which means they don’t even react with water.

Examples of Compounds

• Water: This is composed of 2 elements: 2 hydrogens as well as 1 oxygen.
• Methane: It is composed of 2 elements: carbon as well as hydrogen.
• Table salt: Sodium, as well as chlorine, are indeed the 2 elements found in table salt.
• Glucose: It is composed of 3 elements: carbon, hydrogen, as well as oxygen.

What are the differences between Mixtures and Compounds?

Compounds	Mixtures
Chemical interaction between two or more components tends to produce compounds.	Mixtures are introduced by directly integrating two or more elements in such a way that no chemical reaction occurs between both components.
To yield a compound, elements must always join in a defined mass proportion.	The proportion of elements is not set or could change.
Throughout the development of a compound, its energy changes.	There is no change in energy.
It cannot be removed physically and must be separated using sophisticated scientific methods.	Physical separation of mixtures is possible.
The constituents’ properties are lost, or the compound generated has distinct physical as well as chemical properties.	A mixture’s constituents maintain its original properties.
Organic as well as inorganic compounds, both are possible.	Homogenous as well as heterogeneous mixtures can exist.
In compound initiation, new bonds have been generated.	There is no new bond forming.
The melting or boiling points of compounds are fixed.	The melting or boiling points of mixtures are not set.

A mixture is formed by mechanically combining two or more components while retaining their distinct characteristics. It can exist as solutions, suspensions, or colloidal particles. Chemical components and compounds, for example, can be mechanically blended or mixed to form mixtures, but no chemical binding or another type of chemical transformation occurs, so each constituent retains its distinct chemical properties.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the basic types of the mixture?

Ans. Two broad categories of mixtures are- 

• Homogeneous mixtures
• Heterogeneous mixtures

2. Bronze is an alloy or mixture of which metals?

Ans. Bronze is a solid-solid mixture of copper(Cu) and Tin(Sn).

3. The solution is which type of mixture?

Ans. The solution is a homogeneous type of mixture where all the components or substances are uniformly distributed that cannot be separated manually or physically.

An Introduction to Matter

In addition to taking on various forms, the matter is composed of small particles. Because they are so small, it is impossible to see these particles with the human eye. We have mentioned below some of the various properties of matter. There are different states of matter can also be found. The three common states are solids, liquids, and gases. Atoms and other particles with mass and volume are included in the matter.

What do you understand by the Characteristics of Particles of Matter?

We are aware that every substance in our environment is composed of small matter particles. This means that these particles have some attributes and can affect the status of properties. These characteristics of the substance can be either physical or chemical.

For more help, you can Refer to our video in Science Concept. Check out the video Lesson for a better understanding.

What are the Characteristics of Particles of Matter

The particles of matter are very, very small.

1. The particles of matter have space between them.
2. The particles of matter are constantly moving.
3. The particles of matter attract each other.

Let’s try to explain each characteristic of particles of matter with the help of an experiment.

The particles of matter are very, very small

You can demonstrate the extremely small size of matter particles by carrying out the following experiment with water and potassium permanganate.

1. Put two or three crystals of potassium permanganate in a beaker with 100 ml of water, and mix. The potassium permanganate solution in water will be a dark purple tint.
2. Approximately 10 ml of this solution should be taken out and placed in the second beaker with 90 ml of pure water. The second beaker’s potassium permanganate solution’s colour lightens slightly as a result of this dilution.
3. Take 10 ml of this mixture and add it to the third beaker’s 90 ml of clear water. The solution’s colour will continue to lighten.
4. Continue dilution of the solution in this manner 5–8 times.
5. We obtain a potassium permanganate solution in water in this manner, but the water is still coloured.
6. This experiment demonstrates how a small amount of potassium permanganate crystals may colour a significant amount of water.
7. Therefore, conclude that each potassium permanganate crystal must contain millions of minuscule particles that continually divide into smaller and smaller particles.

The particles of matter have space between them

The experiment below, which uses water and sugar, can be used to demonstrate the gaps between the particles of matter.

1. Have a 100 ml beaker ready.
2. Mark the water level after adding half of the water to the beaker.
3. Utilizing a glass rod, dissolve 50g of sugar.
4. We’ll discover that the sugar solution’s level in the beaker is exactly where the water level was when the beaker was first filled.
5. The crystals of sugar break down into incredibly small particles when they are dissolved in water. Since these sugar particles occupy the spaces between the different water particles, adding sugar to water does not change its volume.
6. When sugar is dissolved in water, there is no change in volume, which indicates that there are voids between the water molecules.

The particles of matter are constantly moving

The investigations on diffusion and Brownian motion gave the particles their characteristic of continual motion. 

1. Water and red ink slowly combine, causing the water to eventually turn crimson. 
2. The movement of matter particles is demonstrated by this action.

The particles of matter attract each other

The forces of attraction that hold matter particles together are known as gravitational forces. Cohesion is the term denoting the force of attraction between particles of the same substance.

1. When a piece of chalk, a cube of ice, and an iron nail are all hit with a hammer, the chalk is very easily broken into smaller pieces while the ice cube requires more energy to break, and the iron nail remains intact even when hit with a lot of force.
2. This demonstrates that the force of attraction between the chalk particles is very weak, the force between the ice particles is a little stronger, and the force between the iron nail particles is quite strong.

Summary

There are three different types of physical nature in the world around us. Solid, liquid, and gas are these we breathe in air, which is a gas, and we drink water, which is a liquid. Because different types of matter contain varied amounts of inter-particle space, we have mentioned three possible states of matter. In this article, we studied the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases. In a nutshell, this is how matter behaves physically in the universe.

Frequently Asked Questions

Question 1. What are the several forms that matter can take?

Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states in which matter can be found. Ice is a solid, water is a liquid, and steam is water in a gaseous state. Therefore, matter exists in all three states.

Question 2. How can you ascertain the material’s physical characteristics?

We are aware that everything we see is made of something. They take up space and have mass. It’s crucial to realise that not all matter has the same physical characteristics. One common illustration of this fact is the fact that while sand particles are insoluble in water, salt particles are. Therefore, these elements can be referred to as matter’s physical characteristics.

Question 3. What is Diffusion?

In matter, particles are constantly in motion. Diffusion is the term used to describe the natural mixing of particles from two different materials. The diffusion of these particles inside the substance speeds up as the temperature rises. It gets faster because as the temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the particles rises as well. They move quickly as a result.

Introduction

Something that has mass, takes up space, and can be sensed by our five senses is said to be matter. We can put it simply by saying that the things we see and feel around us matter. There are different states of matter. Because of the characteristics of the constituent particles and how they interact, each of these forms of matter has a unique feature. Atoms and molecules make up these particles. The basic elements of matter, atoms, are capable of independent existence. The neutron, proton, and electron subatomic particles that make up each atom determine the characteristics of the atoms.

Matter

The matter is a combination of two or more pure elements. The classification of the material into solids, liquids, and gases is based on its physical characteristics. Its classification into elements, compounds, and mixtures is based on its chemical characteristics. Our surroundings can be either geographical or man-made. Geographical surroundings are formed by nature and affect the social and economic climate, while man-made environments are those that are man-made.

All living and non-living things are called matter because they contain mass and take up space, all forms of life, including gases like oxygen and hydrogen, are referred to as matter. The DNA in our cells, the ground we are standing on, electrons revolving around a nucleus, or any other object is matter.

Types of Matter

The matter is divided into the three categories below based on its physical nature:

• Solids: Particles in solids are so closely packed and held in place by extremely strong intermolecular interactions that only vibratory motion is possible. They have a distinct volume and shape. Wood, iron, etc. are some examples.
• Liquids: Compared to solids, liquids have more freedom of movement due to the weak intermolecular interactions that allow for particle movement. Despite taking on the shape of the container they are poured into, they have specific volumes. Examples include milk, water, etc.
• Gases: These molecules move very freely and have a weak intermolecular interaction. The distance between them is also very large. They fill the container in which they are placed because they lack a set shape and a volume. Examples include hydrogen and methane.

Applying pressure and changing the temperature can modify the nature of the three matter states mentioned above. There are particles in a matter that have kinetic energy; this energy rises with temperature. In solids, the distance between particles and kinetic energy is the smallest, whereas it is greatest in gases. The three types of matter that make up our environment are interchangeable through temperature changes. For instance, changing the temperature will cause ice to turn into water and back again.

Subatomic Particles

Protons, neutrons, and electrons make up the primary units of matter, known as atoms. Protons have a positive charge, whereas electrons have a negative charge, making neutrons neutral particles with no charge. The nucleus of an atom is made up of neutrons and protons, and electrons revolve around this nucleus in their respective orbitals. The quantity and configurations of these subatomic particles greatly influence the stability and characteristics of the atom.

Summary

The Panch Tatva, or air, earth, fire, sky, and water, was the system used by our ancient Indian thinkers to categorize matter. There are billions of atoms in every gram of matter. The matter is everything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is composed of particles that are always moving and have different properties in each of the three states of matter. The particles of matter are very tiny and have space between them.  The three types of matter that make up our environment are interchangeable through temperature changes.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What features do matter particles have?

Ans: The characteristics of matter particles are given below:

a) The intermolecular space that particles have is one of their distinguishing characteristics.

b) Intermolecular force exists among particles.

c) Matter is made up of moving particles.

2. In comparison to solids, liquids typically have a lower density. You must have seen that ice floats on water, though. Why?

Ans: Although ice is a solid, due to its structure, it has a lesser density than water. Ice floats on water because its molecules form a cage-like structure with lots of empty spaces.

3. How can water stored in a matka (earthen pot) cool throughout the summer?

Ans: Since the clay pot has many pores and is porous, the water seeps out of them and evaporates on the pot’s surface, which has a cooling effect. This chills the pot, which in turn causes the water inside to cool.

An Introduction to Molecules of Compounds

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds, which are attractive forces. Molecules are the smallest particles of a substance that possess all of its physical and chemical properties. Many thousands of atoms make up biological molecules like protein and DNA. A compound is a molecule composed of atoms from various chemical elements. Compounds are divided into two types: molecular compounds and ionic compounds. They can only be broken down chemically. Compounds are made up of a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Compounds are homogeneous in nature and cannot be physically separated.

What are Molecules of Compound

A compound molecule is a combination of two or more atoms of different types. This means that molecules of compounds contain atoms from two or more different chemical elements, such as methane, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and so on. We can further categorize them based on the number of atoms in the molecule. The chemical bonding between the atoms can be either covalent or ionic.

Ionic bonds are always formed between molecules containing cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions). As a result, an ionic compound is always formed between two different chemical elements. Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share electrons equally.

What are the types of Elements?

1. Metals-They are substances with properties such as malleability, ductility, sonority, electrical and thermal conductivity, lustre, and solidity. Metals have extremely high melting points. The majority of pure metals are found in the earth’s crust. They are found in ores, which are solids. Zinc, iron, copper, aluminium, lead, chromium, cadmium, nickel, tin, zinc, and so on.
2. Non-Metals– They are substances that are neither malleable nor ductile and do not conduct heat or electricity. Carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, silicon, oxygen, and other elements are examples.
3. Metalloids– A chemical element with properties of both metals and non-metals. Metalloids have properties that fall somewhere between metals and non-metals. For example, arsenic, silicon, boron, and so on.

What are the types of Compounds?

1. Molecular Compounds-Molecules are compounds that can be formed by the combination of the same or different atoms. The atoms are joined to form a definite shape that is defined by the angles between the bonds and the lengths of the bonds. Carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, and other gases are examples.
2. Ionic Compounds- It is made up of both positive and negative ions. When dissolved in water, they completely decompose into ions. Examples include sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), copper sulphate (\(CuS{O_4}\)), and others.

Summary

When two or more elements combine chemically in a fixed mass ratio, the resulting product is known as a compound. Compounds are substances made up of two or more different types of elements in a fixed ratio of their atoms. When the elements combine, some of their individual properties are lost, and the newly formed compound has new properties.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How do molecules form?

Ans: When atoms come close together, their electron clouds interact with one another. Other, as well as with nuclei If the energy of the system decreases as a result of the interaction, the atoms bond together to form a molecule.

2. What do you understand by molecules of compounds?

Ans: A molecule is a general term for any atoms that are linked together by chemical bonds. A molecule is any atom combination. A compound is a molecule composed of atoms from various elements. Not all molecules are compounds, but all compounds are molecules.

3. What are the types of Molecules of Compounds?

Ans: There are two types of compounds: molecular compounds and Ionic compounds. Atoms in molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds. It is held together in salts by ionic bonds. These are the two types of bonds that every compound is composed of.

An introduction to Molecules

Atoms are the building blocks of all living things on this planet. An atom is the smallest unit that makes up a chemical element. Atoms make up everything else that is solid, liquid, or gas. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons that are contained within the nucleus of an atom. What happens when two or more atoms collide? They combine to form molecules. Molecules are formed when two or more atoms form chemical bonds with one another. Understanding the properties and structure of atoms and molecules is not easy, but once understood, it is a fascinating subject to study.

What are Molecules?

Elements are created when the same types of atoms combine. The number of atoms that make up a molecule has the same ratio. The structure of elements determines their properties. Elements can be made up of one or more atoms. Take, for example, oxygen, which has two atoms (\({O_2}\)). Atoms are not depicted to scale. A compound is formed when these elements are combined. We can use \({H_2}O\) in this case. Water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Similarly, larger chemical compounds such as methane (\(C{H_4}\)). We can learn from these how a group of atoms with a nucleus can form elements and compounds with various properties and structures.

What is the difference between Atoms and Molecules?

Atoms	Molecules
Atoms are the smallest particle that can exist.	Two or more atoms combined to form molecules.
Atoms may not be stable due to the presence of electrons in the outer shells.	Molecules attain stability.
They contain protons, neutrons, and electrons.	Two or more atoms are formed and hence, they are strong.
Examples: Oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) etc.	Examples: Oxygen (O2), water (H2O), and sulphur (S8).

Summary

Elements can be single atoms, such as He, or elemental molecules, such as hydrogen (\({H_2}\)), oxygen (\({O_2}\)), chlorine (\(C{l_2}\)), ozone (\({O_3}\)), and sulphur (\({S_8}\)). Atoms are not depicted to scale. Some elements are monatomic, which means that their molecular form is made up of a single (mono-) atom (-atomic).

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What do you understand by the Law of Conservation of Mass?

Ans: According to this law, “Mass can neither be created nor destroyed.” This law can be applied to a chemical reaction in the following way:- During a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.

\[\left( {Reactant} \right){\rm{ }}A + B{\rm{ }} \to {\rm{ }}AB{\rm{ }}\left( {Product} \right)\]

2. What is an atom?

Ans. According to modern atomic theory, an atom is the smallest particle of an element that participates in a chemical reaction and retains its identity throughout the chemical or physical change.

3. What do you understand by the Law of Constant Proportion?

Ans. According to this law, “A pure chemical compound always contains the same elements combined in the same proportion by mass, irrespective of the fact from where the sample has been taken or from which procedure has it been produced.”

Metals and Non-Metals

Introduction

The crust of the Earth is packed with a variety of abundant and inexhaustible minerals, as we have studied in our geographical class. These minerals are a blend of natural elements that are extracted and used for various things. Each element and mineral has unique qualities of its own that make it useful.

Metals

Metals are among the sorts of elements that make up the crust of the Earth. They are a combination of substances that are frequently hard, malleable, ductile, glossy, etc. Metals are also effective electrical conductors. They can be found in a free state (without any combination) or a mixed state in the Earth’s core (with a mixture of oxygen, rock, and dust). 

Non-Metals

Non-metal elements are those that do not exhibit non-metallic properties. They are not malleable like metals and have different physical characteristics from metals. They are brittle and ductile as well. When compared to metals, they have a low density. Non-metals can be solid, liquid, and gas, and they are mostly bad conductors of electricity. Non-metals include things like oxygen, phosphorus, and sulphur.

How Do Metals and Non Metals React with Each Other?

1. Metals react with non-metals by transferring electrons from metal atoms to non-metal atoms, resulting in the formation of ions.
2. This process produces an ionic compound.
3. Metal atoms transfer electrons to non-metal atoms.
4. Metal atoms become positive ions, while non-metal atoms become negative ions.
5. Example Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

What Reactions Occur Between Metals?

Metals interact with one another by their degree of reactivity, or strength. The less reactive metal is displaced when a metal reacts more vigorously than the metal with which it is bonding. It could be solid, liquid, or molten.

In other words, metal A is more reactive than metal B if it displaces metal B. Galvanic corrosion results from the collision of two metals. Two distinct metals connected by an electrolyte are required for galvanic corrosion to occur. If this occurs, the corrosion process will be initiated by the electrolyte. More reactive metals corrode more frequently.

Salt solution of A + Metal B > Salt solution of A + Metal

\[Zn\left( s \right){\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}CuS{O_4}\left( {aq} \right) \to {\rm{ }}ZnS{O_4}\left( {aq} \right){\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}Cu\left( s \right)\]

Summary

The concept of metals, non-metals, and their properties are all included in this article. The characteristic of metals and non-metals differ, and each has a unique state of reactivity. Each element and mineral has distinct properties of its own that make it useful.  A variety of organic elements are combined to form these minerals, which are then extracted and used for various purposes.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What Characteristics do Non-Metals Generally have?

Ans. The characteristics of non-metals are as follows.

• A metal’s qualities depend on its size.
• They often have bad electrical conductivity. The main characteristic that sets them apart from metals is this one.
• Due to their greater electronegativity, non-metals have a higher potential of attracting more electrons.
• They retain their electrons and borrow from the metals due to their higher electronegativity.
• The states of non-metals include solid, liquid, and gas. They are brittle by nature in the solid state, giving rise to ductile and non-malleable states.

2. What Significant Function do Non-Metals Play in Our Lives?

Ans. Non-metals such as nitrogen and phosphorus are used in fertilizers to increase plant yield. Phosphorus is used to make matchsticks and fireworks. Chlorine, a non-metal, is used in the water purification process. Carbon, a non-metal, is used in the majority of fuels.

3. What Happens to Metals During Recycling?

Ans. The majority will be smelted into ingots, so they can be melted and processed at metal facilities across the nation. The recycling facilities’ rubbish to the grocery store shelves can be accessible within as little as six weeks.