Tag: Alpha Decay

Introduction

Radiation refers to the phenomenon when energy in the form of waves or particles is emitted. This can include alpha particles, beta particles, and even gamma photons. Alpha particles are also referred to as alpha radiation or alpha waves, and they consist of two protons and two neutrons.

What is an Alpha particle?

Alpha particles are produced through the α-decay of certain radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, radium, and plutonium. They are positively charged and are denoted by the symbol . It is interesting to note that these particles are quite similar to helium nuclei and may even be referred to as doubly ionised helium atom \(H{e^{2 + }}\).

Since these particles carry a double positive charge, they have high ionizing power but do not penetrate too much into matter. When α-decay occurs, the parent element emits an alpha particle, causing it to transform into a different element. For example, uranium-238 undergoes α-decay by emitting α-particles and is transformed into thorium-234.

Since the alpha particle carries two protons and two neutrons, the atomic and amss numbers of the parent are reduced by 2 and 4, respectively.

Mass Of An Alpha Particle

The mass of an alpha particle is the same as that of a Helium atom, and is given as:

Characteristics of Alpha Particles

Fundamental Properties of Alpha Particles

• Their velocities can range from \(1.4 \times {10^7}\;to\;1.7 \times {10^7}m{s^{ – 1}}\)

• They tend not to deviate from a straight line path
• They are highly ionising, typically 100 times as ionising as beta particles and \({10^4}\) times as ionising as gamma rays. They can even ionise biomolecules.
• They have low penetration depth and may even be blocked by a sheet of paper.
• Typically, the penetration power is 1/1000 times that of beta rays and 1/100000 times that of gamma rays.
• They can interact with matter via coulomb forces.
• Alpha particles lose kinetic energy quickly and thus, have short range.
• Due to the charge on them, they are easily deflected by electric and magnetic fields. The positive charge makes them attracted to the negative plates.
• They can produce both fluorescence and phosphorescence.
• These particles can be scattered by heavy elements like gold.
• Alpha particles can cause heating effects and though they can affect photographic plates, the effect is very weak.
• Their mass is roughly four times that of Hydrogen atoms.

Uses of Alpha Radiation

•  Ra-226 has been used to destroy cancerous cells. Due to their low penetration depth, they only affect the malignant cells and leave normal cells unharmed.
• Americium – 241 is an alpha source that is used in smoke detectors. Smoke ionizes it, which causes an electric current, causing the trigger of an alarm.
• Satellites and spacecraft use Plutonium – 238 in their batteries. The heat produced due to alpha decay is converted into other forms of energy.
• Medical pacemakers used to utilize Plutonium – 238 as fuel source but this practice has non  been discontinued.
•  Polonium – 21, an alpha emitter, is used to reduce static in industrial settings. Being positively charged, the alpha particles attract the electrons and reduce chances of static electricity.
• Strontium – 90 is an alpha emitter that is used as a fuel source for oceanic buoys by the U.S coast guards. 

Summary

Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together, which is equivalent to a helium nucleus. They have high ionization power, allowing them to ionize matter easily. 

In nature, alpha particles are emitted from radioactive elements such as U-238 and R-226, and they can also be produced artificially in reactors using radioisotopes like plutonium and californium. These particles have various applications, including cancer treatment, smoke detectors, pacemakers, and thermoelectric generators. The relatively low penetration depth of these particles means that they cannot penetrate the skin and thus, are not harmful.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How can we detect alpha particles detected?

The following methods can be used to detect charged particles:

• Ionization chamber
• Scintillation counter
• Semiconductor detector

2. How do alpha particles interact with matter?

Alpha particles can interact with matter via coulombic forces. Due to their high ionization power, they can also lose energy by knocking an electron out of the atom they collide with.

3. Discuss the ionization and penetration power of alpha, beta, and gamma rays.

Alpha particles have a high ionization power, which is  times greater than beta rays and  times greater than gamma rays. However, their relatively higher mass lends them a low penetrating power, which is 1/1000 of beta rays and 1/100000 of gamma rays. But these particles can ionize biomolecules.

4. Is there a difference between alpha decay and alpha particle?

Yes. Alpha decay is the process by which, an unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle and a daughter nucleus. Alpha particles are the particles emitted in this process and are equivalent to doubly positively charged Helium atom.

5. Are alpha particles dangerous? How can we protect ourselves?

Alpha particles have high ionisation power, but their penetration depth is relatively low, which means they cannot penetrate the outer layer of our skin and thus, aren’t that harmful. 

However, if you inhale or ingest an alpha source, it can affect your organs internally, which may prove dangerous. The alpha radiation can reach your lungs, which may cause cancer. When consumed through water, it can affect the kidneys. Further, high levels of exposure to alpha radiation can lead to DNA damage, and even larger exposure can cause Acute Radiation Syndrome.

Protection from alpha radiation

Protection from alpha radiation is simple and may be achieved as follows:

1. Either decrease time of exposure or,
2. Move away from radiation source or,
3. Use a shield. 

Introduction

It is possible for elements in nature to change into another by various processes. Such processes are classified as nuclear reactions. For instance, nuclear decay is a type of reaction which occurs when an unstable nucleus emits energy, nucleons, and/or atoms to achieve stability. Various other types of reactions also exist.  

Various types of nuclear decay can occur in nature and one of those is alpha decay. This process occurs when a nucleus emits an alpha particle to gain stability. It might be worth mentioning that an alpha particle is very much like a Helium atom with a charge of +2e, i.e., two protons and two neutrons.  

Alpha Decay

Since alpha decay involves the emission of nucleons, parent nucleus, which is the nucleus undergoing alpha decay, is changed. Its atomic and mass numbers decrease by 2 and 4, respectively. Simultaneously, energy is also released in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which is why the process is termed radioactive. 

Alpha Decay Equation 

It is possible to represent nuclear reactions via equations. The general equation of alpha decay is as follows: 

Here, 

• X is the parent nucleus which undergoes alpha decay. 
• Y is the daughter nucleus which the parent is converted into. 
• α is the alpha particle that is emitted as a byproduct, along with energy. 

Understanding Q Value of Alpha Decay 

To understand the energy involved in a nuclear reaction and whether it is possible for the reaction to take place, Q value can be used. It is the difference in kinetic energies of initial and final nuclei and for alpha decay, we find it as follows: take the difference in the masses of the initial elements and the final products of the reaction, and multiply by \({c^2}\). That is, 

Here: 

• Q is the Q value of the reaction. 
• mi is the mass of the initial nucleus. 
• \({m_f}\) is the mass of the final nucleus. 

• \({m_α}\)  is alpha particle mass. 
• c represents the vacuum velocity of light. 

It should be noted that units are important while working with such equations. The above equation is for the case where masses are given in units of MeV/\({c^2}\). 

As previously mentioned, Q value can help us understand whether a reaction is possible. Not all elements can undergo all types of reactions. For example, whether alpha decay is possible depends on the Q value described above. Alpha decay is accompanied by a release of energy, which happens when the Q value is negative. 

On the other hand, a very stable parent nucleus will have greater mass than that of the final products, making the Q value positive. This would correspond to energy input instead of output, making alpha decay in such a case, unfavourable. Thus, Q value can help us understand whether a reaction is possible or not.

What are the Major Components of the Equation that Represents Alpha Decay? 

The alpha decay equation is as follows: 

Its major components are summarized below: 

• X represents the original or parent nucleus. Usually, this is an unstable element and it is observed that most elements undergoing alpha decay have mass numbers greater than 200. 
• Y is the nucleus obtained after the reaction is complete. It has lower mass and atomic numbers than the parent and as represented, these numbers decrease by 4 and 2, respectively. It is generally more stable. 
• α is the alpha particle. In simple words, alpha particles are just nuclei of Helium atom. 

Alpha Decay Example 

1. Decay of Radium-226 

The decay of Radium-226 is a common example. Ra-226 is a very stable isotope with half-life of 1600 years but it can undergo alpha decay to generate Radon gas. The process also releases ionizing radiation. 

The equation representing this decay is as follows: 

2. Decay of Uranium-238 

The decay of Uranium 238 into Thorium is one of the most commonly cited alpha decay examples. Take a look: 

What happens in Alpha Decay? 

We mentioned that the process of alpha decay is radioactive. That is, energy in the form of radiation is released. Further, alpha decay causes an unstable nucleus to change into a more stable one. This parent nucleus is generally heavy and when alpha decay occurs, it releases an alpha particle, which reduces its mass and makes it more stable. The alpha particle is ejected and travels a certain distance before becoming inert. 

Helium nucleus emission

Gamow Theory of Alpha Decay 

The energy of the alpha particle emitted can help us better understand the reaction. There are a large number of ways to measure this energy and a theoretical approach is to use Gamow’s theory, which connects the half-life of the process with the energy of the alpha particle. The foundation of this theory is in quantum mechanics and thus, its derivation is slightly complex. 

The theory assumes the daughter nucleus and the alpha particle to be present inside the parent before the reaction occurs. Since nuclear potential is immensely strong, classical mechanics forbids these nuclei from escaping. However, quantum mechanically, the concept of “tunnelling” allows for a small probability of escape for these particles. 

The relation derived from this hypothesis is the same as the one empirically derived by Geiger and Nuttal. It is summarized below: 

• λ is the decay constant. 
• Z is the atomic number of the parent. 
• E is the total kinetic energy of the daughter and the alpha particle. 
• \({a_1}\) and \({a_2}\) are constants.  

Summary

It is possible for certain elements in nature to be transformed into other elements via processes known as nuclear reactions. One common example of such reactions is nuclear decay, where an unstable nucleus decays into a more stable one by releasing energy and nucleons. Alpha decay is also a type of nuclear/radioactive decay, which occurs when an unstbale parent nucleus decays into a stabler one. In this process, an alpha particle is released, which is a Helium atom carrying a charge of +2e. The equation of alpha decay is given below:

In alpha decay, mass and atomic numbers reduce by 4 and 2, respectively.

Gamow’s theory of alpha decay relates half-life of parent with the energy of alpha particle and uses quantum mechanical calculations to arrive at the result. It posits that the products of the reaction are present in the parent already and the decay occurs by quantum mechanical tunnelling.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Are alpha particles dangerous?

Alpha particles can not penetrate the human skin too much and thus, are comparatively safe. But since our eyes are sensitive, alpha particles can damage the cornea. Further, if an alpha particle source enters the body, it can damage organs from inside.

2. How far do alpha particles penetrate into matter?

Alpha particles easily absorbed even by a thin sheet of paper and they become inert after a few cm of travelling in air.

3. What is the typical kinetic energy of an alpha particle?

Alpha particles travel are heavy and thus, travel at around 5 MeV. This is equivalent to a velocity of 15,000 km/s.

4. What other types of nuclear decay are observed?

Alpha, beta, and gamma decay are three common nuclear decays of which, gamma decay is the most dangerous one. It emits high energy photons that can penetrate human skin and cause cancer.

5. What are the uses of alpha decay processes?

Americium-241 is an alpha particle source that is used in smoke detectors. The process is also used in artificial pacemakers for generating power. Other medical applications include Radium-223 for the treatment of bone cancer.