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Introduction

Plants can reproduce sexually or asexually in nature. The fusing of male and female sex cells, or gametes, is the primary mechanism for sexual reproduction in plants, as it is in all other species.Through the use of specialised structures such modified stems and roots, plants are capable of reproducing asexually. Human action, such as cutting off a plant’s parts and giving the cuttings favourable conditions to encourage the formation of roots, can also lead to asexual reproduction in plants .

Asexual Reproduction

In its most basic form, asexual reproduction  in which the organism is simply divided into two and only single parent is involeved. This type of reproduction is  without the formation of gametes. Here a single parent-cell divides, giving rise two daughter cells. The progenies thus born are genetically and physically identical to the parent cell. Single-celled organisms frequently employ this technique for reproduction

There are two ways:

Natural Asexual Reproduction

Under natural vegetative propagation, plants reproduce through natural asexual processes, which do not require human involvement. Following are natural ways of asexual reproduction in plants-

• Vegetative propagation:

Plants reproduce in this type of asexual manner without making seeds or spores. The plant instead relies on a few special parts that,under appropriate conditions, grow into new plants.These  plant elements are-

• Rhizomes:Rhizomes are modified stems that can produce new plants by generating advententious roots and shoot systems at their nodes. Examples include bamboo and ginger.

• Stolons: Stems that extend horizontally from the ground are called runners or stolons. New roots form at the nodes as they spread,thus eventually producing a new plant. Examples include strawberries, mint, etc.
• Tubers: Known as stem tubers and root tubers, respectively, these are swollen stems or roots. The buds that are present on the surfaces of these modified parts can store enough nutrients to sustain the formation of a new plant. Potato and sweet potato are two examples.
• Leaves: Some plants, such as Kalanchoe and Begonia, have plantlets on the margins of their leaves. These plantlets eventually grow roots and branches to form new plant systems.
• Apomixis:

Asexual reproduction of flowering plants using seeds is called apomixis, also referred to as agamospermy.  Following types of apomixis are:

• Nonrecurrent apomixis: In this sort of apomixis, the gametophyte or another haploid egg cell (haploid parthenogenesis) is used to form the embryo

• Recurrent apomixis: In this case, without fertilisation, the embryo sac develops from the diploid archesporium or a non-archesporial diploid cell of the gametophyte.
• Nucellar embryony: The embryo develops from cells of the integuments or diploid nucellar tissue. The resulting embryo is therefore also diploid.

Artificial Asexual Reproduction

Artificial asexual reproduction occurs under human intervention. Techniques like cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture are considered types of artificial asexual reproduction.

• Cutting: In this method of propagation plant parts like the stem and leaves are cut and placed in the ground.These cut-off portions eventually develop into adventitious roots (from shoot cuttings) or adventitious shoots (from roots cuttings).When using leaf cuttings, adventitious roots and shoots can form. To promote the quick development of new roots in the cuttings, rooting hormones are frequently employed.
• Grafting:Grafting is removing the stem or other aerial parts of a plant and attaching them to the shoot of an another plant. The plant into which it is attached is known as the stock, and the cut-off portion is known as the scion. The cambial tissues of the two plants will eventually combine and develop into a single unit. For dicot plants that are botanically related, this method shows to be particularly effective. Bud or shoot grafting are two types of grafting.
• Layering: Layering is the act of bending a branch or stem and putting int into th soil, while it is still connected to its parent plant.The newly planted branch quickly forms adventitious roots and becomes a new plant.

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

• The faster rate of offspring development is one of the most obvious benefits of asexual reproduction.
• Without being restricted to circumstances like gamete creation, gamete fusion, or seed generation, asexual reproduction techniques—whether natural or artificial—produce great outcomes, giving rise to a healthy plant under favourable conditions.
• Asexual reproduction permits limitless generation of genetically identical offspring. As a result, it is possible to grow a lot of young plants from a parent plant that possesses desired traits.
• Employing such plants that can develop by asexual ways of reproduction proves to be inexpensive, especially when cultivating plants on a commercial scale.
• The advantages provided by asexual propagation in the commercial production of plants include shorter times, no need for seeds, a favourable environment for pollination, seed dispersals, etc.

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction:

• Lack of genetic variety in the progeny and parent plants is one of the most important drawbacks of asexual reproduction.
• Due to this the spread of hereditary illnesses and undesirable traits will also increase.
• Furthermore, not all individuals are capable of carrying out artificial asexual reproduction procedures.

Summary

• Plants can reproduce asexually without the development of gametes or gamete fusion.
• Plants can reproduce asexually spontaneously or through human intervention.
• Various components, including tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, stolons, and plantlets, are used in natural asexual reproduction.
• Another form of asexual reproduction that utilises seeds is apomixis. Recurrent apomixis, non-recurrent apomixis, and nucellar embryony are different types of apomixis.
• Techniques like cutting, grafting, layering, and tissue culture are included under artificial asexual repoduction.
• Plants can reproduce asexually, which has benefits such not requiring seed formation and costing less time and money.
• The lack of genetic variation in the plants is the biggest drawback of asexual propagation.
  
  You can also read our blog about asexual reproduction for more details.

Frequently Asked Questions

1.What is Plant Tissue Culturing?
Ans: This method entails the in vitro propagation of a chosen genotype by cultivating plant cells, tissues, or organs like roots, shoot tips, and leaves, in a synthetic nutritional medium, under precise chemical and physical conditions.Examples of plant tissue culture include callus, cell, protoplast, meristem, embryo and organ cultures. The plants obtained from this technique are called microplants.

2.What are bulbs and how they help in asexual reproduction?
Ans: Blubs are modified stems with concentrically organized fleshy leaves. These bulbs include a new shoot system that develops into an entire new plant. This new shoot system reveives its nutrietion from the surrounding by fleshy, scaly leaves. Onions, garlic, and shallots are a few of the well-known examples of plants that reproduce by developing new bulbs.

3.Enlist 3 hormones used in artificial propagation of plants.
Ans: The hormones used in artificial propagation of plants are-

• Auxin- Helps in root formation.
• Gibberllin- Increases height of plant.
• Cytokinins- Helps in shoot formation.

Introduction

Different metabolic processes are carried out by organisms in order to ensure their existence and to produce progeny. Naturally occurring macromolecules i.e. nucleic acids hold genetic information.RNA and DNA are both types of nucleic acids. These are nucleotide-based macromolecules. DNA is the genetic substance that contains the genetic instructions for unique traits that are expressed as various characters by organisms.

Some viruses have RNA as their genetic material. Almost all cells contain RNA, which plays a specific role in protein synthesis.

DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid, usually referred to as DNA, is the genetic substance found in many organisms.
• It is a simple, tightly wound circle in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.
• In the cell nucleus of eukaryotes DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes.
• Despite being long polymers, nucleic acids are tightly wrapped to fit inside the small cell.
• Even in massive multicellular animals, every cell in the body contains the same copy of DNA.
• During replication, the tightly wound structures are unwrapped to create copies.
• Eukaryotes also have mitochondrial DNA, which codes for proteins exclusive to mitochondria, in addition to the nucleus.

 Composition

• The nucleic acids are long polymeric chains of individual nucleotides.
• The phosphate group, pentose sugar moiety, and a nitrogenous base are all components of nucleotides.
• There are 4 types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA; adenine and guanine are purines while thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is made up of long chains of individual deoxyribonucleotides connected by phosphodiester linkages.
• The arrangement of nitrogenous bases corresponds to the arrangement of long chains of nucleotides in a  DNA, this sequence encodes the information on DNA and is original to an organism.

Structure

• DNA forms a right-handed double helix with an antiparallel orientation of the two polynucleotide strands. DNA structure resembles a twisted ladder shape.
• The sugar and phosphate groups make the vertical stands of the twisted ladder shape and nitrogenous base pairs resemble the rungs of a ladder. 
• The 3′ carbon of one sugar and the phosphate group linked to the 5′ carbon of the subsequent sugar moiety form a phosphodiester linkage.
• Because of this, the connection is sometimes known as a 3′–5′ phosphodiester linkage.
• A glycosidic bond attaches nitrogenous bases to the first carbon of the sugar.
• Through hydrogen bonding, the nitrogenous bases of opposing strands bind with each other.
• Three hydrogen bonds link cytosine and guanine, while two hydrogen bonds pair adenine and thymine. This is known as complementary base paring.
• The double-helical DNA is twisted with 10 base pairs per turn.
• The deep major grooves and shallow minor grooves are created by these helical turns.

Types of DNA 

 There are two types of DNA depending on where they are located in the cell. The two types of DNA are-Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA 

• Nuclear DNA- Exists as chromosomes in the nucleus. It is huge and is in response of nearly all the characteristics of an organism.
• Mitochondrial DNA- DNA found in mitochondria is known as mitochondrial DNA. This DNA  primarily codes for proteins needed for the mitochondrial activity. It originates from the female parent and manifests in the mitochondrial matrix as small circular shapes.

RNA

• RNA is also known as Ribonucleic acid.
• Phosphate group, pentose sugar moiety (ribose), and nitrogenous base are all components of ribonucleotides.
• The ribonucleotides include adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil.
• RNA can be found as single or double-stranded.
• Nearly every cell has RNA, which serves an important role in protein synthesis.
• RNA serves as the genetic material in several viruses.

Types of RNA 

There are three types of RNA found. They are

mRNA or messenger RNA

• mRNA is formed from DNA through transcription. The base pairs of m-RNA are complimentary to base sequences on DNA.
• The nucleotide sequences of mRNA are organized into triplets called codons.
• While several codons can code a single amino acid, each amino acid has a unique codon.
• 64 codons encode twenty amino acids.
• Pre mRNA, a direct byproduct of transcription, undergoes post-transcriptional modifications to become mRNA.
• A guanine group and poly-A tail are added to the pre-mRNA during post-transcriptional modifications to make it more stable.
• The mRNA is the main precursor of protein synthesis.
• It delivers the genetic information from the DNA for protein synthesis. 

rRNA or ribosomal RNA

• They are found in ribosomal subunits along with proteins and enzymes.
• The primary component of ribosomes is ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
• It enables the formation of peptide bonds between two amino acids during protein synthesis. 
• It also ensures that the mRNA and ribosomes are properly aligned during protein synthesis.

tRNA or transfer RNA

• tRNA is important for protein synthesis.
• During translation, amino acids are transferred by the tRNA.
• Each amino acid has a unique tRNA that transports it to the translation site (ribosome).
• It is the smallest of all RNA.
• tRNA has a structure resembling a clover leaf.

Role in protein synthesis  

• Translation is also known as protein synthesis and it  occurs in the ribosomes.
• Proteins are long polypeptide chains that are formed when individual amino acids bind to one another through peptide bonds.
• Each of the three RNA types plays a distinct role in translation-
• Single-stranded mRNA contains the instructions needed to make proteins.
• tRNA interprets the genetic code on the mRNA and the specific amino acids are transported from the amino acid pool to the translation site.
• The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) carries out translation by creating peptide bonds between different amino acids.

Difference between DNA and RNA

DNA	RNA
DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid	RNA is ribonucleic acid
It is made up of Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine	It is made up of Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
Very stable structure	Comparatively less stable structure
Less prone to mutations	More easily prone to mutations
Present in Nucleus and mitochondria.	Present in the Cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleus
It is Self-replicating.	Most of the RNA is dependent on DNA for its synthesis.
It is the genetic material of most organisms and helps in the transfer of information from one generation to another.	It is most essential component during protein synthesis.
3 forms of DNA are B-DNA, A-DNA and Z-DNA.	3 types of RNA are found: m-RNA, r-RNA and t-RNA.
Contains a Deoxyribose sugar	Contains a ribose sugar

Summary

The nucleic acids in living things are DNA and RNA. They are organic polymers that are found in nature.  Long chains are created by linking the individual nucleotides together with phosphodiester linkages. In the majority of species, DNA, which is found in the nucleus of the eukaryotes, is the genetic information carrier. In order for the long polymeric chains to fit into the smallest microscopic cells, they must be folded numerous times. RNA primarily functions in protein synthesis. The existence of nucleic acids results in the continuation of life and the performance of particular tasks.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Difference between 3 forms of DNA.
Ans:

B-DNA	A-DNA	Z-DNA
92% relative humidity	75% relative humidity	High and low salt concentrations
10bp	11bp	12bp
Right-handed	Right-handed	Left-handed
Widest of all	Width 2nm	Narrowest
Most common and stable form	Metastable form	Unstable and has Zig-zag pattern of phosphodiester backbone.

2. What is central dogma?
Ans: The central dogma is a theory of molecular biology that states that genetic information can only move in a single direction i.e  from DNA to RNA to protein. This protein synthesis takes place via three process-

• Replication- This multiplies the DNA stands.
• Transcription–This makes mRNA which encodes information of the DNA.
• Translation- This makes the final proteins that perform various functions in the body.

3.What is a chromosomes?
Ans: The DNA molecule is packed into chromosomes, which are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of every cell. Each chromosome is constructed from DNA that has been tightly wound around proteins called histones which assists in supporting entire chromosome structure.

Introduction

Through the process of reproduction, an organism gives rise to offspring that are biologically related to the organism.

Reproduction enables and ensures species continuity generation after generation.

There are essentially two types of reproduction:

• Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction

The simplest type of reproduction is asexual reproduction, which doesn’t involve gamete creation, meiosis, or fertilization. These types of reproduction only need one parent, and the resulting individuals, or clones, are genetically identical. Asexual reproduction is also referred to as clonal propagation. Animals can reproduce asexually through a variety of mechanisms, including Binary Fusion, Fragmentation, Budding, Parthenogenesis, Gemmules, Regeneration, etc.

Features of asexual reproduction

• A single parent is involved.
• Neither fertilization nor gamete formation takes place.
• This reproduction process happens in a relatively short amount of time.
• The organisms multiply and grow swiftly.
• The offsprings are similar genetically.

Types of asexual reproduction

• Binary Fission

• • Bacteria and amoebas are the two main species that utilize this method of reproduction.
  • This occurs when the DNA of the parent bacteria breaks into two fragments, each of which has its DNA.
  • As a result, the parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells.

• Fragmentation:

• • In this method of asexual reproduction, the parent organism is divided into multiple fragments, each of which develops into a new organism.
  • This method of reproduction is mostly seen in starfish. For instance, the arm can give birth to an entirely new organism.

• Gemmules:
• • • In this kind, the parents release a highly developed mass of cells, which eventually give rise to offspring.
    • The development of these gemmules occurs when parents face unfavorable environmental conditions.

• Parthenogenesis: 

• • In this type of asexual reproduction, the female organism produces eggs without fertilization, These eggs give birth to offspring.
  • Examples are lizards, certain fish, and insects.
• Regeneration:
• • Regeneration is the replacement of a missing part or the growth of an organism’s entire body from a small portion (morphallaxis) (epimorphosis).
  • It is primarily found in planaria, sponges, amoebas, and many other organisms.
  • There are 2 types of regeneration-
  • Reparative regeneration: Only some kinds of damaged tissues are capable of regeneration.
  • Restorative regeneration: In this, severed body parts can be restored or grown into a complete body.

• Budding:

• • In this type of reproduction, the child grows on the parent’s body much like a bud. Echinodermata and Hydra are two well-known examples of this type of asexual reproduction.
  • Here, the bud begins to live independently after separating from the parent plant.
  • There are two types of bidding-
  • Exogenous or External budding: A bud forms on the exterior of the body in this sort of budding. This growing bud learns to live alone after becoming separated from its parent. Newly formed buds have two choices: they can remain attached to their parents or they can detach and create their offspring.
  • Endogenous or internal budding: In a few marine sponges, buds form inside the bodies of the sponge parents (e.g. Spongilla).

Advantages of asexual reproduction

• An organism can give birth to a large number of offspring, swiftly increasing that species’ population.
• There is no need for another parent organism since asexual reproduction involves only one parent.
• Animals can reproduce asexually without their gametes fusing, thus gamete formation is not required.
• Because mating is not required, less energy is used.
• Sexual reproduction is outpaced by the offspring’s rate of asexual reproduction.

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

• Population growth is accelerating due to asexual reproduction, therefore difficult to control the population of only one species.
• They compete with one another since both species rely on the same habitat for survival.
• The atmosphere must be conducive for both the parent and the offspring.
• Children are biologically identical to the single-parent organism.
• Genetic variety does not exist in this type of reproduction.

Summary

In conclusion, asexual reproduction is a sort of reproduction in which an offspring is born from a single parent. Since the newly reproduced organisms are physically and genetically similar, they are genetic clones of their parents. Asexual reproduction is present in multicellular and unicellular animals. During this reproduction,  gamete fusion does not take place. There are various types of asexual reproduction- such as fragmentation, binary fission, regeneration, etc.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Different types of binary fission.
Ans: There are 4 types of binary fission-

• Simple binary fission: This fission can occur through any organism’s plane. Eg- Amoeba.
• Longitude binary fission: It is also referred to as longitudinal binary fission since it takes place along the longitudinal plane. Longitude binary fission is a process that occurs in flagellates like Euglena.
• Transverse binary fission: The cell division takes through the transverse plane. Prominent examples of this binary fission include Paramecium, Planaria, Diatoms, and bacteria.

• Oblique binary fission: In this process, the cytoplasm divides obliquely. Oblique binary fission takes place with cerium.

2. What does Hermaphrodite mean?
Ans: Hermaphrodite or bisexual animals are those that have both male and female reproductive systems. Earthworms and snails are a couple of examples.

3. What is strobilation?
Ans: Strobilation is the practice of repeatedly forming similar segments through the budding process. A strobila (also known as a scyphistoma) larva is a segmented portion of the body, while an ephyra larva is a segmented larva (a coelenterate).

Introduction

No matter how many sides there are in a polygon, the sum of all exterior angles is \({\bf{360}}^\circ \), and the sum of all internal angles is \(\;\left( {{\bf{n}} – {\bf{2}}} \right){\bf{180}}^\circ \) given that the number of sides is n.

Shapes are \(2 – \) dimensional and \(3 – \) dimensional; we have all seen them. A shape is also a polygon. A two-dimensional form having at least three sides is called a polygon. There might be four, five, or more sides. There are two types of polygons: regular polygons and irregular polygons. The sum of all external angles created in the polygon is the sum of measurements of the exterior angles. We shall explore exterior angles and the total of all exterior angles of a polygon in this subject.

Polygons

Polygons are \(2 – \) dimensional, plane figures with straight edges joining n points on a plane. The polygons are divided into two main sub-categories, i.e., Convex Polygons and Concave Polygons.

Concave Polygons

In these types of polygons, at least one of the diagonals passes outside of the polygon and at least one of the vertex is pointing inside the polygon, i.e., has an angle greater than  \(180^\circ \). Stars are one of the most common examples of concave polygons.

Convex Polygons

Convex polygons are the normal polygons, that have all the interior angles less than \(180^\circ \) , all the diagonals are always contained within the polygon.

Few of the most common examples of convex polygons are triangles and squares. Learn more about convex polygons in Class 6 Mathematics Video in Lesson no 14 Curves, Polygon.

Convex polygons are divided into \(2\) categories,

1. Regular polygons: These are the convex polygons that have all their sides of equal length, and the measure of each interior angle is equal.
2. Irregular polygons: These are the convex polygons that are not regular, i.e., their sides and angles are not all of equal measure.

Exterior angles

The external angle is the angle created outside of a polygon when one of its sides is expanded. It is created by the expanded side and the side next to it.

Properties of Exterior Angles of Polygons

Consider the many characteristics of the exterior angle of a hexagon, a polygon, for example. The attributes listed below provide information on the exterior angles:

• They are created outside of the specified figure.
• The internal and exterior angles that are created by the expanded side and the neighboring side are always added together.
• A regular polygon’s exterior angles are always equal to one another.

Sum of Exterior Angles of a Polygon: Geometrical Proof

Let’s take an example of hexagon, marking the vertices \(ABCDEF\) , so let’s move on the edge of this hexagon. Starting from \(A\) we move in a straight line, no turns happen until we reach vertex \(B\), where we turn slightly, the measure of the exterior angle at \(B\) , and once again move in a straight line until vertex \(C\) , we rinse and repeat this process until we are at our final stretch, i.e., edge \(FA\) . We have turned to the sum of all angles except A. Now at A we will turn once again and face the direction we started in, this gives us that we have turned a complete circle, i.e., 360, by rotating through each angle one by one.

\(A + B + C + D + E + F = 360^\circ \) 

Sum of Exterior angles =360°

Sum of Exterior Angles of a Polygon: Algebraic Proof

Let us consider a \(n – sided\) polygon. By Interior angle property we know that the sum of all interior angles is given by, \[180^\circ  \times (n – 2)\] 

Also, we know that each exterior angle forms a linear pair with the corresponding interior angle, thus the sum of all interior angles and the sum of all exterior angles should be equal to the sum of all the linear pairs formed.

180(n-2)+Sum of Exterior Angles=180n

Sum of Exteriror angles = 180n-180(n-2)

\( = 180n – 180n + 360\)

\( = 360^\circ \)

Summary

We examined the following salient characteristics in the aforementioned study:

Any sort of polygon’s exterior angles add up to \(360\).

Any form of polygon’s internal angles add up to (180\left( {n – 2} \right)\) .

A regular polygon’s exterior angles have a value of \(360/n\) .

A regular polygon’s internal angles are determined using the formula \(\frac{{180\left( {n – 2} \right)}}{n}\)  .

Online Tuition for Class 6 Maths

FAQs

1. What is the name of a polygon with \({\bf{12}}\) sides?
Ans. A polygon with \(12\) sides is known as a Dodecagon.

2. What is the measure of interior angles of a regular polygon of \({\bf{7}}\) sides?
Ans. The measure for interior angles of a n sided polygon is given by, \[\frac{{180\left( {n – 2} \right)}}{n}\] , substituting \(n = 7\) , we have,

\[\frac{{180\left( {7 – 2} \right)}}{7} = \frac{{900}}{7}\;\; \approx 128.57^\circ \]

3. What is the measure of x in the following image?

Ans. In the given image, the angle x is the reflex angle of the interior angle of a regular octagon, thus we will find the interior angle of the octagon and subtract it from \(360^\circ \)

Interior angle\( = \frac{{180\left( {n – 2} \right)}}{n}\) 

Substituting \(n = 8\) ,

\(\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{ = \frac{{180 \times 6}}{8} = 135^\circ }\\\;\end{array}\)

The reflex of this would be,

\[x = 360 – 135 = 225^\circ \]

Introduction

More than 70% of the surface of the world is made up of water bodies. These water bodies are known to harbor a complex ecosystem of different creatures that interact with one another and the surrounding water body. An ecosystem that is contained within water is known as an aquatic ecosystem. Both biotic and abiotic components make up these ecosystems. Numerous different types of species, including microbes, plants, invertebrates, fish, etc., are supported by these ecosystems.

Types of Aquatic Ecosystems

Aquatic ecosystems are of two types depending on the salinity of the water.  Two types of Aquatic ecosystems are-

• Freshwater ecosystems: 

• • These ecosystems, which make up only roughly 2% of the earth’s surface. They have a salt concentration of less than 0.1%. Rivers, streams, lakes, etc. are included in this type of ecosystem.

• Marine ecosystems: Marine waterbodies occupy up to 75% of the earth’s surface. These habitats have a salt concentration of 3% and are the most common type of aquatic ecosystem found throughout the globe. The marine ecosystems consist of oceans, seas, and estuaries.

Features of Aquatic Ecosystem

• Zonation in aquatic biomes

• • Aquatic systems frequently exhibit both vertical and horizontal stratifications of both physical and chemical components.
  • The types of biodiversity and dominance of organisms in an ecosystem are determined by these zones.

• Lakes and oceans can be classified into photic and non-photic zones based on the penetration of light:
  • Photic zones are those parts of the surface and subsurface where light- penetration is high. These regions are well-lit and show great biodiversity. The epipelagic zone comes under this category.
  • Aphotic zones are darker regions. Due to higher depth and decreased sunshine penetration, the aphotic zones are dark areas and they include bathypelagic and abyssopelagic zones.
• The lakes are classified into the littoral zone and the limnetic zone based on their distance from the beaches.

• • Since it is closest to the shore, the littoral zone has strong sunlight penetration.Due to this rooted aquatic plant growth is seen and it  also supports a large number of species.
  • The off-shore, open water area of an aquatic body is known as the limnetic zone. In contrast to the littoral zone, light only reaches the surface and subsurface regions.

• The ocean is further classified into three zones: the oceanic zone, the neritic zone, and the intertidal zone depending on the distance from the shore.

 

• Lifeforms

• Based on their position in the food chain, the lifeforms in aquatic ecosystems can be classified as producers (phytoplankton and plants), consumers (zooplankton, invertebrates, and fish), and decomposers (microorganisms).
• Based on their habitat within the environment, they can also be classified as periphyton, plankton, neuston, nekton, and benthic.
• The littoral zone is where rooted and floating plants can be found in freshwater habitats.
• Planktons, bacteria, fish, and other aquatic lifeforms predominate in the limnetic zone whereas invertebrates live in the benthic zone.
• Worms, clams, crabs, echinoderms, and other organisms can be found in the ocean’s intertidal zones, whereas phytoplankton and zooplanktons, as well as krill, jellyfish, fish, squids, turtles, and mammals, can be found in the ocean’s pelagic zones.

 

• Thermal stratification 

According to changes in temperature, aquatic habitats frequently have layers. Thermal stratification refers to this change in temperature with depth in an aquatic body.  During summer, the upper layer of water becomes significantly warm and less dense, while the lower layers remain cooler, leading to stratification.Epilimnion, Metalimnion,  and Hypolimnion are the names of the several strata.

• Seasonal changes in water temperature (Lake turnover)

As a result of shifting temperature profiles, many lakes experience seasonal mixing of their water, which results in a cyclical pattern.

During the spring and fall, this turnover allows oxygen-rich water to reach the lake’s bottom areas while also bringing nutrient-rich water to the surface.

• Available nutrients

Freshwater habitats can be classified as oligotrophic, mesotrophic, or eutrophic lakes depending on the amount of nutrients that are available to them. Oligotrophic lakes have more nutrients,  mesotrophic lakes have comparatively fewer nutrients and eutrophic lakes hthe ave least nutrients.

• Dissolved Oxygen(DO)

The water’s temperature affects the oxygen saturation levels. The higher the oxygen levels, the lower the temperature. Fish and other aquatic life are threatened by low amounts of dissolved oxygen. DO determines the richness of aquatic habitat.

Functions of Aquatic Ecosystem

• The aquatic ecosystem is a vital resource that sustains a wide range of creatures, including mammals, invertebrates, and microbes like bacteria and algae.
• An essential connection between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere is provided by the water bodies.
• A significant amount of the planet’s rainfall is caused by water evaporating from the oceans.
• Photosynthesis is carried out by marine photosynthetic bacteria and algae.
• 50 percent of the annual photosynthesis is produced by the ocean.
• Climate change and regional and planetary wind patterns are known to be influenced by oceans and their winds.
• The microbial decomposers that break down organic materials include bacteria and some types of fungi.
• The microorganisms that live in aquatic ecosystems ensure that nutrients are continuously cycled.
• The aquatic systems’ inhabitants, such as fish and other invertebrates, provide food and boost the economy.
• These aquatic ecosystems serve as water purification systems naturally.
• They aid in controlling floods and pollution
• Aquatic environments are used for recreation and transportation.

Summary 

• An aquatic ecosystem comprises any ecosystem supported by a water body.
• Aquatic environments can be either freshwater or marine, depending on salinity.
• Depending on criteria like sunlight penetration, distance from the shore, depth, etc., aquatic habitats are classified into several zones.
• Additionally, each layer’s biodiversity is determined by zonation.
• There is thermal stratification in aquatic habitats.
• Benthic, neuston, nekton, and planktonic creatures are all supported by aquatic ecosystems.
• Aquatic ecosystems perform a wide range of tasks, such as promoting biodiversity, nutrient cycling, flood attenuation, influencing global climate change, etc.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the types of freshwater ecosystems?
   Ans: There are two types of freshwater ecosystems, they are-

• The lotic ecosystem: Moving waterbodies, such as springs, rivers, and canals, are included in this type of freshwater ecosystem.
• The lentic system: This type of freshwater ecosystem includes stagnant water bodies such as ponds and lakes. These water bodies are home to a variety of organisms.

2. Describe the Pelagic zone and Benthic zones
   Ans: Pelagic zone- The pelagic zone is the off-shore, open-water region of an aquatic ecosystem. Phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nekton live there. Zooplankton is the main consumers of the oceans and lakes, while phytoplankton makes up the photosynthetic producers. The most common producers here are algae.
   Benthic zone-The lowest biological zone is the benthic zone. The organisms that reside on the bottom of lakes or oceans are called Benthos. These benthic animals and microbes gather food that sediments down from the photic layers, ie., they are filter feeders.

3. What is a neritic zone?
   Ans: The area of the ocean that is relatively shallow, measuring around 200 metres (660 feet) deep, is known as the neritic zone (or sublittoral zone). Physical oceanography sees it as the location where the oceanic system interacts with the coast, whereas according to marine biology it is a part of the ocean, which forms a stable and illuminated environment for marine life, from plankton up to giant fish and corals to grow and survive.

Introduction

A fundamental shift in the established social and political system brought about by the actions of a group of disaffected members of society is referred to as a revolution.  The sociopolitical system in France was thought to be the root of the problems. This framework was unbalanced, in favour of the upper two estates of society and gave the king absolute power, but denied the common people any basic rights. In the end, the dissatisfied segment of society (third estate) began retaliating against the ruling class, which sparked the French Revolution in 1789.

Reasons for French Revolution

There were many reasons for the French Revolution to take place, some of which are mentioned below-

• Unequal Social Order

French civilization was feudal and had three “Estates”. The first and second estates in France were privileged elites and landowners, but they did not pay any taxes,  instead lived at the cost of the third estate. The third estate was the largest community in French society, still they were denied the right to political representation, even though they were subjected to the full weight of taxation. The vast majority of people hence became unhappy and, as a result, caused the French Revolution.

• Rise to Middle Class

Some members of the Third Estate became wealthy as a result of the growth of international trade and business and were referred to as the Middle Class. In addition to professionals and intellectuals, this class also comprised businessmen and industrialists. Although this middle class was influential economically, they were excluded from political representation since they belonged to the third estate. This infuriated them because they believed that a person’s place in society should be determined by his merits rather than any privileges.

• Philosophers and Revolutionary ideas

The writings of eighteenth-century philosophers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau sparked a revolutionary spirit among the French people, especially the educated middle class. They challenged the clergy and members of the church for having excessive power and influence. Philosophers published their thoughts in books and newspapers, which spread the options of liberty and equality among the middle class and led to the French Revolution.

• Economic Crisis 

By the second part of the eighteenth century, the French economy was in trouble. The demand for food grains increased as a result of France’s growing population. On the other side, the inability to produce enough food due to famines and droughts increased the cost of goods.

The French exchequer was also already worn down by supporting the opulent lifestyles of King Louis XVI and his wife, as well as the corrupt government officials. Loan providers began requesting payment of funds with a 10% interest rate. The only way to pay off this debt was to raise taxes on the third estate, which brought anger to that estate and propelled the thought of revolution.

• Autocratic Monarchy and corrupt Administration

People were obliged to start the revolution in France as a result of the monarchy and the government’s combined failure. The monarch insisted that he had the power to rule by divine right and that ordinary people had no place in the decision-making process. And the king gave little thought to the well-being of his subjects, and the corrupt and self-centred royal administrators were more focused on lining their wallets rather than thinking of the benefit of the commoners. People did not trust the governing system and hence led to the revolution.

• Influence of the American Revolution

The French people were motivated to rebel against the unfair control of their nation’s absolute monarchy by the achievement of the Americans in freeing themselves from British domination. Even a few military generals from France took part in the American War of Independence. They brought revolutionary ideas with them when they returned to France, urging people to fight for their rights. This led to the French Revolution.

Summary

The word ‘revolution’ refers to a change in the established social and political structure due to the efforts of the neglected section of society. France’s sociopolitical landscape during the French Revolution of 1789 was completely disrupted by the members of the Third Estate. The existing population was unhappy for a variety of reasons such as inequality, economic crisis, autocratic monarchy etc. which led to the start of the revolution in 1789. This revolution not only affected French society and politics but also impacted the trajectory of human history.

Frequently Asked Questions 

Q1. How did the Third Estate respond to the circumstances in France at the time?
Ans: The third estate rejected the voting system that gave each state one vote, during May 1789’s Estate General’s meeting regarding France’s financial issues. They wanted the voting based on the number of members. Hence, they took revolutionary action by declaring themselves a National Assembly to ensure their representation, which launched the Revolution in June 1789.

Q2. What do you mean when you say that kingship has a divine right?
Ans: The idea that the monarch’s authority to reign comes directly from God’s will, not through the approval of the population, is known as the “divine right of kingship.”

Q3. What historical changes resulted from the French Revolution?
Ans: The French Revolution not only changed the sociopolitical landscape of France, but it also served as an inspiration for many other nations to defend their national interests. In the end, it helped to foster a sense of national awareness that opened the way for national movements around the world.

Introduction

The French Revolution, which took place in Europe between 1789 and 1799, was a great milestone in European history. The long-term political instability, the dictatorial king, and incompetent bureaucrats who were driven by personal interests rather than the benefit of the common people were the main catalyst for the revolution. In addition, the Third Estate’s enormous tax load and lack of political representation contributed to their which paved the way to a revolution. The revolution started in June 1789 when the Third Estate members declared themselves to be a National Assembly.

Society Structure

France’s socioeconomic structure was based on a feudal system. French society was divided into 3 estates:- the first estate, the second estate, and the third estate.

1. First estate- This included the clergy, church priests, etc, as they were involved in religious activities and obligations.
2. Second estate- The nobility and aristocracy made up most of the second estate. Most often, this nobility was inherited, although there were times when it could be purchased by paying high taxes and rendering excellent services to the royal class.
3. Third estate- Nearly 96 percent of people were members of the Third Estate. There were two groups within the third estate: the first group was made up of businesspeople like big capitalists and advocates. Peasants, labourers, and servants made up the second tier; they were accorded the lowest status in society.

The aristocratic classes of society known as the First and Second Estate owned vast plots of property and were excused from paying taxes. They were supported by the Third Estate, who was entirely taxed to live. The Third Estate members were required to pay tithe and taille. They were also denied representation in the political and social structures despite paying all taxes. Most of the populace in the third estate became unhappy as a result.

A new middle class, which made up the top tier of the third estate, appeared together with the expansion of trade and commerce in Europe. This middle class had grown financially powerful, they were well-educated and wealthy. They began promoting concepts of equality and freedom and rejected the idea of the “Divine right theory of kingship.” They also opposed the church and aristocracy’s abuse of their exceptional privileges, this class demanded political representation that would provide equal chances for all based on an individual’s merits. By the end of the revolution, due to their persistent efforts, a democratic republic was established in France.

Politics

France in the seventeenth century was dominated by a monarchy, the king took all the power into his hands and eliminated public participation in politics.

When King Louis XVI took power in 1774, most of the populace had already grown weary of France’s political unpredictability. Additionally, the royal treasury began to run out due to the monarch’s expensive lifestyle. As a result, the third estate was subject to higher taxes, which infuriated this sector even more. In addition, the French monarchy had zero regard for the well-being of the population. Similarly, unscrupulous, and self-centered administrative officials were ineffective and showed little concern for the welfare of the people.

In the American War of Independence, King Louis XVI dispatched French forces to oppose Britain; this cost many soldiers their lives and increased strain on the treasury.

This made the situation worse and prompted the common people to speak out against the current ruling class and call for a change in the socio-political system in eighteenth-century France.

Summary

The French Revolution of 1789 was a pivotal moment in the history of modern-day West Europe. The social and political structure of France throughout the eighteenth century underwent a significant transformation because of this revolution, which lasted for approximately ten years. Changes were brought about by this revolution not only in France but also in other regions of the world. Other European nations began to overhaul their socio-political institutions following the French Revolution. With the abolition of feudalism in most European nations, the French Revolution had global significance. Although there were many factors contributing to the revolution’s start, social inequality and political unrest were key contributors.

Frequently Asked Questions 

How would you define a feudal society?
Ans: Feudalism was a type of socio-political structure that existed in France up to the 18th century. In this arrangement, peasants, or vassals (tenants) received land from landowners or lords in exchange for their duties, primarily the military services to their lords.

What effects did the French Revolution have?
Ans: Following are the effects of the French Revolution:
Establishment of democratic governance.
A political system based on equal rights was developed.
The welfare of the common citizen became a top concern.
All of Europe developed a sense of nationalism as a result.

 What were the French Revolution’s founding principles?
Ans: Liberty, equality, and fraternity were the three guiding principles of the French Revolution.

Introduction 

Ruskin Bond hilariously outlines the challenges of tending to a pet monkey in the chapter”The Adventures of Toto.” In this story, the narrator’s grandfather purchased a monkey to raise as a pet. He gave a tonga driver five rupees for this and bought him a home. It turned out the monkey was very mischievous and caused a lot of problems in the house and zoo also. Thus, grandpa decided to sell back the monkey to the tonga driver.

Summary

The author’s grandfather loved collecting animals and had a zoo at home. A monkey named Toto was once purchased by him from a tonga driver for five rupees. Toto was a cute young monkey with bright eyes who was naturally very mischievous. His lengthy tail functioned as his third hand, and he possessed pearly-white teeth. Toto was kept a secret because grandma hated animals. Toto was very mischievous. When the author and his grandfather tied Toto to a hook and hid him in a closet, Toto  snapped the hook and ran here and there. When he was kept with other animals or other people in the servants’ chamber he wouldn’t let any of them sleep at night.

When Grandfather had to travel to Saharanpur for work, he made the decision to bring the monkey along. Toto was taken to Saharanpur in a canvas bag. To prevent Toto from escaping, grandfather secured the canvas bag’s zip. Toto tried numerous times to get out of the bag but could not. At the train station, the other travelers were fascinated by this. At the Saharanpur train station, Toto popped his head out of the bag and giggled at the ticket inspector as he checked over grandfather’s ticket. To grandfather’s dismay, the ticket collector said that it was a dog, thus he was compelled to buy a ticket for 3 rupees for Toto.

After being allowed by grandma, Toto was given a spot next to Nana the donkey.

Toto and Nana did not get along well. Toto’s favorite pastime was taking a hot bath.

He once almost killed himself when he stepped into a kettle of boiling water. One day, Toto ate pulao as part of the family lunch. He tossed the empty dish from the tree, breaking it into several pieces. Thus, grandfather came to the conclusion that they could not have Toto in the house as his bad behavior worsened day by day. At last, he returned to the tonga driver and sold Toto for three rupees.

About the Author 

British-born author Ruskin Bond is an Indian. He lives with his adopted family in “Landour,” Mussoorie, India. He is an Indian author of British ancestry. In India, he is considered a major novelist, children’s book writer, and literary icon. He wrote numerous children’s novels with inspirational themes, and the “Sahitya Akademi Award” was given to him in recognition of his literary accomplishments.

Conclusion 

The necessity of acting appropriately in a friendly place is the most important lesson to be learned from the tale “Adventures of Toto.”Toto flung plates at Grandma and her friends, irritated other animals’ servants, and also brought havoc in the house. Thus, grandpa was compelled to return Toto to his rightful owner. Every other animal and bird in Grandfather’s personal zoo was upset by Toto.

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Textbook Questions

1. How does Toto come to their grandfather’s private zoo?

Ans: The author’s grandfather loved collecting animals and built a zoo within his home. He once saw a tonga driver holding a red-colored monkey captive and He was drawn to the monkey and wanted to add it to his collection. He bought Toto from the tonga driver for five rupees and in this way Toto got an entry in grandpa’s private zoo.

2. “Toto was a pretty monkey.” In what sense is Toto pretty?

Ans: The author thought Toto was attractive, as His eyes had a mischievous twinkle to them. His teeth were white as snow. He had a long tail, which acted as his third hand. According to the author’s grandfather, an animal’s tail adds to its charm. As a result, Toto was thought as a beautiful creature.

3. Why does grandfather take Toto to Saharanpur and how? Why does the ticket collector insist on calling Toto a dog?

Ans: Toto was a mischievous monkey. He continued to upset every other animal in his grandfather’s personal zoo. It appeared that only his grandpa could control him effectively. So, in a bag, he carried Toto to Saharanpur. Toto was referred to as a dog by the ticket seller because the monkey did not fit the definition of a human.

4. How does Toto take a bath? Where has he learned to do this? How does Toto almost boil himself alive?

Ans: Toto cautiously dipped his hand into the water to check its warmth. He moved slowly, first putting one foot in front of the other, until his neck was submerged in the water. He covered his entire body with the soap. He learned it all from the author. One day, Toto walked into a large kitchen where the kettle was boiling. He was enjoying the nice water, but jumped up and down when it suddenly grew hotter. Grandma came and rescued Toto from the boiling water.

5. Why does the author say, “Toto was not the sort of pet we could keep for long”?

Ans: Toto, according to the author, was a highly mischievous pet that they couldn’t retain for very long. He tore the drapes, the clothes, and the wallpaper. Moreover, he broke dishes and disturbed all the other animals in the zoo. Thus, the family decided to get rid of Toto because they could not afford all of this.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Who was a Toto?
Ans: The narrator’s grandfather purchased Toto, a young monkey, for five rupees from a tonga-driver. Toto was a charming monkey with sparkling eyes that twinkle with mischief.

2. How was Toto hidden away?
Ans: Grandmother did not agree with any additions to the grandfather’s current pet collection. Thus, Toto’s existence was kept a secret from her. As a result, Toto was bound to a peg fixed to the wall and kept in a closet that opened into the narrator’s bedroom wall.

3. How did Toto harm Nana the donkey?
Ans: The household donkey was named Nana. Toto and Nana were kept in the stable together, where they frequently squabbled. Toto would mock Nana by biting on his long ears with sharp teeth. Even Nana could no longer tolerate Toto.

Introduction

Mulk Raj Anand is the author of the tale “The Lost Child.” He intended for this tale to emphasize the value of parents in a child’s life. Kids can believe that their parents are harsh or reprimand them unnecessarily but they care for their child dearly. The protagonist of the tale is a little child who accompanied his parents to a local fair. His father consistently declined his requests to buy him the toys he wanted and did not allow him to go anywhere alone. Unfortunately, the boy got lost in the fair and understood the importance of his parents in his life.

Summary

The narrative centers on a little boy who went to a fair with his parents. He was attending the spring festival. The fair was attended by the entire village. Some came on horses, some people were driving bullock carts while others were driving bamboo carts. The kid noticed a toy store by the roadside just as he entered the fair. Despite being aware that he couldn’t take them, he begged his parents to let him have the toy. His father turned down his request and his mother diverted his attention by pointing out the lovely mustard fields.The little boy tried to grab one of those bright insects, but when his mother called him to the sidewalk, he rushed joyously in their direction. He was circling the banyan tree, but again when his parents yelled, he made his way toward them.

The young child then went after his parents and found a sweet shop. The shop sold a variety of sweets, including laddus, barfi, and gulab jamun. The kid wanted the Barfi because it was his favorite, but he knew he wouldn’t get it, so he walked away from the store. After traveling a short distance, the boy discovered a vendor selling Gulmohar garlands.The kid ran towards the vendor but stopped himself when he saw his parents’ expressions.

He then followed his parents inside the fair where he observed a man standing with red, yellow, green, and purple balloons, he wanted to buy them, but his parents once again stopped him. He also noticed the snake charmer and wanted to watch more of the play, but his parents forbade him from hearing the music, so he left again with his parents. He then noticed a roundabout where people were having fun on a swing, thus, the boy boldly demanded that he wanted to ride the swing and asked his parents to allow him to ride the roundabout. His parents did not respond to this demand, and thus he realized that they were not present. He began searching around but was unable to find them.

The young child became terrified and began to rush while searching for his parents. When he saw no sign of them, he began to sob. He was constantly finding for his parents throughout the fair. He visited a shrine where there was a large crowd, and the temple’s entrance was packed. He was continuously crying there also. The weeping toddler kept begging for his mother. A man in the crowd heard his cry and lifted him. This man led the kid to the swing and asked him if he wanted to ride in order to calm him down. The child kept crying and stated he wanted his parents. The boy continued to cry as the guy took him to a balloon store, a sweet shop, a toy shop, and all the fun places in the fair. He only and only wanted his parents and thus kept on crying.

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The Lost Child About The Author

Mulk Raj Anand was a highly educated Indian writer, born in Peshawar to a family of coppersmiths. He produced a remarkable body of work that includes several short stories, novels, and essays, and was one of the first Indian writers to write in English and gain popularity at an international scale. After graduating with honors from Punjab University, Anand went to University College, London, where he worked at a restaurant to finance his education. He later earned a PhD from Cambridge University, during which time he became involved in India’s struggle for independence. Anand’s works often highlighted social and political issues in India, and were known for their empathetic portrayal of marginalized communities. “The Lost Child,” one of his most famous short stories, is a poignant reflection on the fleeting nature of worldly pleasures.

Quick Bio

Name	Mulk Raj Anand
Birthdate	December 12, 1905
Place of Birth	Peshawar, British India (now in Pakistan)
Death Date	September 28, 2004
Occupation	Novelist, essayist, and critic
Notable Works	“Untouchable”, “Coolie”, “Two Leaves and a Bud”, “The Village”, “The Sword and the Sickle”
Literary Movement	Indian English literature, Progressive Writers’ Movement
Education	University of London (PhD in philosophy)
Awards and Honors	Padma Bhushan (1967), Sahitya Akademi Award (1952)
Influences	Charles Dickens, Rabindranath Tagore
Important themes in his writing	Social inequality, caste system, poverty, colonialism, education, and empathy for the marginalized
Significance	One of the pioneers of Indian English literature and a prominent voice in the Indian independence movement. His works helped raise awareness about the issues faced by the lower castes and the working class in India.

Conclusion

In this tale, the young boy wanted to buy everything he saw when he was with his parents. But once he got separated from his parents he lost interest in all those things. The boy refused the man when he tried to comfort him while, by giving him toys, sweets, taking him on a ride, etc. He did not want all these things but only desired his mother and father. From this story, we can understand that the most important part of a child’s life is his parents and they should be respected and valued because without our parents we would definitely be lost.

TextBook Questions and Answers:

Q.1 What are the things the child sees on his way to the fair? Why does he lag?

Ans: The child sees toys, balloons, a sweet shop, a snake charmer, and swings at the fair.
The young child lags behind because he was so fascinated by the scenery that he ran to every store and wanted to buy everything.

Q.2 In the fair he wants many things. What are they? Why does he move on without waiting for an answer?

Ans: He wanted toys, balloons, sweets, and a swing ride at the fair.
He left without waiting for his parents to respond because he noticed their expressions and knew they would not give him what he wants.

Q.3 When does he realize that he has lost his way? How have his anxiety and insecurity been described?

Answer: Near the swing at the roundabout, when he didn’t hear his parents’ response, he turned around and found that he was all alone and by himself.He was panicking, he was crying and calling his father and mother.

Q.4 Why does the lost child lose interest in the things that he had wanted earlier?

Ans: The child lost interest in the things he had previously desired because he was lost and only wanted his mother and father.

Q.5 What do you think happens in the end? Does the child find his parents?

Ans: Yes, I believe that man helped the boy in the end to find his parents.

The Lost Child Class 9 Extra Questions and Answers

1. Who came to the lost child’s aid?

Ans: The man in the shrine found the kid. He tried to calm him by lifting him in his arms.
He offered to purchase him flowers, balloons, and sheets as he led him to the closest roundabout swing.

2. What does “The Lost Child” stand for?

Ans: The lost infant represents all of humanity’s desire for worldly goods. People take for granted the valuable blessings in life that are provided for free. One only understands its actual worth when one loses these precious gifts.

3. What is the irony of the tale The Lost Child?

Ans: The irony of the tale “The Lost Child” is that the child was upset by his parents’ refusal to let him purchase whatever he wanted at the local fair. But when he was separated from his parents he only wanted his mother and father back.

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Introduction

The poem “The Duck and Kangaroo” depicts a sincere friendship between a Duck and a Kangaroo and is highly positive and joyful. The Duck initially suggested to the Kangaroo that he wants go on an overseas trip since he was getting bored of being in the nasty pond. The Kangaroo initially shows little interest in the Duck’s proposition, but when the latter offers his kind suggestions for how they can travel without hurting his Kangaroo friend, the latter is delighted and nearly travels  the entire World three times with the duck.

Summary

n the first stanza- the Duck compliments his companion Kangaroo on his extraordinary capacity for hopping and jumping over fields and water. She admitted that she was getting really bored while living in a pretty awful pond. The Duck informed the Kangaroo that she would like to travel the globe with him. The Duck asked the Kangaroo if she may sit on his back and look over the entire world. Moreover, she said while traveling, she would merely make a quacking noise and not bother him. The Duck made explicit note of two locations she wants to visit: Dee and the Jelly Bo Lee, as well as seas and countries.

Duck’s suggestion to Kangaroo didn’t appear to go well with the kangaroo.He bluntly told Duck that the duck’s feet  are wet and cold, thus this would harm the kangaroo as he can fall sick and cause him body pain. Thus he has to rethink about this trip. After some thoughtful time on a nearby rock, the duck responded to the kangaroo in a nice manner. She claimed to have discovered a remedy for this issue. She would prepare four pairs of wool socks that the duck could put on to prevent  his cold and wet feet to touch the kangaroo. Also, she would put a warm cloak and smoke a cigar every day to protect his dearest friend-kangaroo. 

Kangaroo decided to accompany Duck after carefully considering Duck’s proposal. Kangaroo was happy and convinced by this idea for his friend. The Duck sat on the tail of the kangaroo and they both traveled around the world three times. 

About the Poet

In a small town called Highgate, close to London, Edward Lear was born on “May 12th” 1812. In San Remo, Italy, on January 29, 1888, he passed away. He was well-known for painting English landscapes and for creating creative nonsense verse. His so-called “nonsense poems,” featured some extraordinary creatures in his mystical and nonsensical phrases and indicate an acute and fundamental sense of solitude.

Conclusion

It is a humorous poem in the “Nonsense Verse” style that celebrates joy and laughter. The poem is five stanzas long and is about a duck that is bored staying in a puddle. The desire of the duck is to leave its nasty surroundings and travel the globe like a kangaroo.Thus, he pleaded the kangaroo  politely to take him on a trip by sitting on his back. The kangaroo expressed his concern that the ducks feet are wet, cold and this might cause a problem to the kangaroo as he might fall sick or have body pain. The duck changed his perspective and came up with a solution. She told that she will wear a pair of woolen socks that will prevent from the kangaroo falling ill or having body pain. Thus they both were happy and went on their trip around the world thrice.

TextBook Questions

 1.How did the duck express her wish to the Kangaroo?

Ans: She was quite polite when she spoke to him. She asked for a ride so that she might also take pleasure in life. She makes a commitment to cover her wet feet and smoke a cigar each day in order to prevent cold.

2. What request did the duck make to the Kangaroo? Why was it so?

Ans: The Duck was growing bored being in a dirty pond, so he asked the kangaroo to take him on a ride to two places named Dee and the Jelly Bo Lee.

3. How did the Duck try to convince the Kangaroo?

Ans: At first, the Kangaroo was reluctant to bring Duck along. However, the Duck was able to persuade the Kangaroo by promising to deliver a pair of wool socks that would readily fit into the ducks webbed feet. In addition, the duck promised to purchase a blanket so that he could shield himself from the chilly weather. Besides the duck also said that he will have a cigar everyday to keep warm.

4. How did the Kangaroo react to the duck’s proposal for a ride?

Ans:- The Kangaroo was eager to show the duck around after being really pleased with the proposal. But, the kangaroo stated he would have to give this request some thought. He objected at first but then agreed to her request. He reasoned that it might be lucky for him, thus,he agreed to let her ride on his back and they travelled the world.

5. What objection did the Kangaroo put before the Duck?

Ans: The Kangaroo accepted the Duck’s request. He was willing to give her a ride on his back. He voiced one disapproval though her feet were “uncomfortably cold and wet.” His joints can experience some pain due to the cold and wetness.

Extra Questions 

1. What is the poem The Duck and the Kangaroo’s message?
Ans: Life is meant to be enjoyed, according to the poem The Duck and the Kangaroo.

The duck is sick of being confined to a tiny pond.

He therefore longs to leave the cramped area and go on an adventure with the kangaroo.

2. Is The Duck and the Kangaroo a nonsense verse?
Ans: “The Duck and the Kangaroo” is a nonsense poem by Edward Lear.t debuted in Lear’s collection Nonsense Songs from 1870. The poem portrays a conversation between a duck trapped in a pond and the kangaroo who symbolises the duck’s best opportunity for release.

3.What made the duck describe the pond as “nasty”?
Ans.The Duck referred to the pond as “nasty” since it lacked both charm and life.

It made the Duck’s life boring and without excitement.