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An Introduction

The value of a variable determines the value of an expression. By substituting the variable’s value in the expression and utilizing mathematical procedures, the expression is made simpler. The expression’s value is the outcome that is ultimately obtained. A whole integer, rational number, decimal number, or real number can be the value of the expression. A component of algebra is the expressions. A mathematical expression is made up of a mixture of numbers, variables, and operators. Any number of terms can combine to produce it. Any phrase may have any number of terms, ranging from 1 to n.

Find the value of the expression.

A phrase uses a variety of words. Any expression’s terms are the result of its variables and numbers. As the value of the variable changes, so do the terms’ values. Any number may be the value of the variables. As a result, the expression’s value changes together with the variable’s value. Any number of variables can be used to determine the value of the expressions. The expressions can be rationalized, factored, simplified, or enlarged to get at the answer. An expression’s value can be determined by substituting the values of its variables and then solving the expression. Only the phrasing of the expression determines its value. The value of the expression will always be a positive real number if it is the sum of two positive variables. The expression created by the product of the three negative variables will also always have a value that is a negative real number. Although it is the only possible value for the expression, the value of the variable is always a factor. The values of the variables must therefore be known in order to determine the expression’s value.

Find expression

Any expression is a concatenation of phrases related to mathematical operators +,-, etc. The terms of the expression serve as a clue. Any mathematical expression’s terms must include both numbers and variables. The English alphabets serve as a representation of the variables. Examples of the variables include, x,y,z,a,b,c and others. Defining the terms will help you find the expressions. Below are a few instances of these expressions.

Expression in Mathematics

In algebra, expressions are one of the fundamental ideas. Expressions help you create equations, solve equations, comprehend fundamental principles of functions, and create various forms of equation solutions. Therefore, it is crucial to grasp expressions in mathematics. Expressions may contain a single variable or several variables. Mathematics uses like and unlike terms in its expressions. Finding similar and dissimilar terms in any expression is crucial since doing so simplifies complex statements. By looking at the variables in the following expressions, it is possible to determine the like terms and unlike terms of any mathematical equation. The expressions’ like terms all contain the same variables. On the other hand, there are various variables in the variable portion of the variables. For two words to be similar, their respective variable powers must be equal. Below are a few examples of mathematical expressions.

What is an expression in Mathematics?

Mathematical expressions are a collection of terms made up of variables and integers related by the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division mathematical symbols. After learning how to calculate an expression’s value and identify an expression, explain what an expression in mathematics is. There are many identities in the study of mathematics. Two equivalent formulations make up the identity. For all possible values of the variables, the two sides of the identities are always equal. Following are explanations of a few mathematical expressions.

Interesting Facts

• There is never a match between the equations and the expressions.
• Expressions can be made simpler by factoring them, rationalising them, eliminating common terms from the numerator and denominator, and adding and subtracting.
• Only when the values of the variables are equal can two straightforward expressions in the same variable have values that are equal.

Solved Problems

1. Find the value for the expression a+4 when, a=2 and -2.

Sol:

2. Calculate the value for the expression given below for x=1 and 2.

Sol:

3. Simplify the expression \({y^2} + 3y\) and find its value at y = 0..

Sol: Factorize the given expression.

Summary

The expressions are used in mathematics to represent a certain value for different particular values of the respective variables. The variables can be any real values. To find the value of the expression, substitute the values of the variables and then simplify the obtained arithmetic expression. Expression is a combination of the terms with the mathematical operators. To find the expression, identify the terms and check if their combination is an expression or an equation. Expression in Mathematics is used frequently. The expression in mathematics helps to form different numbers of identities.

Practice Questions

Solve the expression x + y for x = 1, y = 2 and x = -2.5 , y = 0

Ans: 

2. Simplify the expression \(\frac{{{x^3} + 2x}}{{3{x^2} + x}}\)and find its value at x =1.

Ans:

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Are the expressions and equations always the same?

Ans: No. They are not the same.

2. What is the use of expressions in mathematics?

Ans:  Any general rule which is true for different sets of numbers can be represented using the expression.

3.  Can two sets of variables have the same value for the expression?

Ans: Yes. Two sets of variables can have the same value for the expression.

Introduction

The poem describes a Tiger’s position in the zoo. The author describes a tiger’s past existence as a free beast in the forest and his present life in a zoo cage. The opening lines of the poetry describe the bodily characteristics of the caged tiger. The poet continues by describing what a tiger’s existence might have been like in the forest. The author claims that living in a cage has altered the tiger’s personality.

Summary of the poem

The poet begins by describing the tiger’s physical characteristics before moving on to his emotional state, describing how he is sad and angry to be confined to a cave.

The poet then draws parallels between a tiger in captivity and one in the wild. Next he describes the plight of captive animals, which humans keep for entertainment, and illustrates their anguish as they long for freedom to roam their natural home.

            

Tiger                               

Other information about the poet

This poem is written by Lesslie Norris,  who is well known for his love and passion for nature. He is a prize-winning Welsh poet and a short story writer.

Conclusion

The poem is based on the comparison and contrast of two different situations of life. In one situation where a living being(here a tiger) has absolute freedom to live in its way in the forest, and on the other hand, if a caged one or bound with many limitations in a zoo. So, the poet describes the tiger’s features in both scenarios and compares it with humans and how it feels to be caged or imprisoned.

Textbook questions and answers:

Q1- Read the poem again, and work in pairs or groups to do the following tasks.

(i) Find the words that describe the movements and actions of the tiger in the cage and in the wild. Arrange them in two columns.

In the cage	In the wild
Stalks, Few steps of his cage, Quiet rage Locked in a concrete cell, Stalking-the length of his cage Ignoring visitors. He hears the last voice and Stares at the brilliant stars.	Lurking in shadow, Sliding through long grass, Snarling around houses, barring his white fangs, his claws, Terrorising the village.

(ii) Find the words that describe the two places, and arrange them in two columns.

Cage	Natural Habitat
Few Steps from his cage	Shadow, Long grass, Water
Locked in a concrete cell	hole, Plump deer,
Behind bars, Visitors,	Houses at the jungle’s edge,
Patrolling cars	Village

(iii) Now try to share ideas about how the poet uses words and images to contrast the two situations.

Ans: The poet used these words to express the idea of the difference between a free animal and a caged one and how the natural traits of that animal get affected when it is caged in a  zoo. If it had been in the forest, it could terrify villagers. On the contrary, visitors come to visit the tiger in the zoo for fun.

Q2- Notice the use of a word repeated in lines such as these:

(i) On pads of velvet quiet, In his quiet rage.

(ii) And stares with his brilliant eyes At the brilliant stars.

What do you think is the effect of this repetition?

Ans: The repetition of words in the poem is the poetic device through which the poet wants to express the intensity of the difference between a free tiger and a tamed one in the cage.  Like the word “quiet’’ symbolises the cage and the helplessness of the tiger, who would have been in immense anger and ferocity if he had been in a jungle. Similarly “brilliant” refers that with his brilliant eyes, the tiger was dreaming of a free life in the jungle under brilliant stars without any cage and foundations.

Q3.Read the following two poems, one about a tiger and the other about a panther. Then discuss:

(i)Are zoos necessary for the protection or conservation of some species of animals?

(ii)Are they useful for educating the public?

(iii) Are there alternatives to zoos?

The Tiger

The tiger behind the bars of his cage growls,

The tiger behind the bars of his cage snarls,

The tiger behind the bars of his cage roars,

Then he thinks.

It would be nice not to be behind bars all

The time

Because they spoil my view

I wish I were wild, not on show.

But if I were wild, hunters might shoot me,

But if I were wild, food might poison me,

But if I were wild, water might drown me.

Then he stops thinking

And…

The tiger behind the bars of his cage growls,

The tiger behind the bars of his cage snarls,

and The tiger behind the bars of his cage roars.

                                                             – Peter Niblett

The Panther

His vision, from the constantly passing bars,

has grown so weary that it cannot hold

anything else. It seems to him there are

a thousand bars, and behind bars, no world.

As he paces in cramped circles, over and over,

the movement of his powerful soft strides

is like a ritual dance around a centre

in which a mighty will stands paralysed.

Only at times, the curtain of the pupils

lifts quietly. An image enters,

rushes down through the tensed, arrested muscles

plunges into the heart and is gone.

                                           – Rainer Maria Rilke

Ans: Yes, zoos are necessary to some extent for the protection of species of animals. As these animals are not safe enough in forests due to the hunting of wild animals for trading purposes. 

Ans: In a way, zoos help educate the public and know different species of animals in their country. It also provides information about the importance of wildlife and its effects on the ecological system.

Ans: Another alternative to zoos can be wildlife sanctuaries, reserves, and national parks, where these wild lives can be sustained in a natural habitat rather than putting them into a small cage, which is not sufficient for their natural reflexes. 

A Tiger in the Zoo Extra Questions

1. What is the message of the poem?

Ans: The poet aspires to impress upon readers the importance of individual liberty for all beings. He shows how miserable and powerless life is when confined, using the plight of a tiger as an example.

2. What is the tone of the poem?

Ans: The tone of the poem is one of sadness and sympathy for the tiger in captivity. It also conveys a sense of anger and frustration at the injustice of the situation.

3. Why does freedom play an important part in one’s life?

Ans: Freedom is one of the most beautiful phenomena in the life of a living being. Everyone loves to do things at their way and pace rather than be commanded by an external force as a slave. As the poet mentioned, the caged tiger is helpless and furious.

Introduction

In the poem How to Tell Wild Animals, the poet describes the characters of wild animals funnily. The Poet has used humorous language. The poet has used rhyme as a literary device. This poem consists of the brute nature of wild animals.

                                               

Wild animals

Summary

The poem opens with a variety of animal descriptions. The poet warns readers in the first verse that they will likely come across a wide variety of wild creatures if they venture east. Several identifying features of the creatures are described by her. The poet claims that the reader would perish upon encountering a yellowish-brown beast whose roar is so deafening. Then you’re looking at an Asian lion.

After this, she depicts a kingly beast that lives in the forest and has yellow skin and black stripes. The animal will kill you and devour you if you encounter it, thus it must be a tiger. If you are travelling through the bush and an animal with yellow skin and black markings pounces on you, the poet claims that it is a leopard in the third line. She continues, “The leopard is quick, and yelling won’t help.” She goes on to say that you can tell it’s a bear if it hugs you closely as you’re strolling across your yard.

Hugging is a defining trait of the bear described. The poet makes light of the bear’s deadly grip. The poet suggests in the fifth verse that it might be hard to tell which animals are predators and which are prey. Hyenas and crocodiles are examples of creatures that prey on other species. 

It’s easy to spot a hyena because they’re usually grinning, whereas crocodiles always wipe away tears. The poet describes a little creature in the final line of the poem. A chameleon is a little animal. A chameleon resembles a lizard but lacks the ears and wings of a true lizard. A chameleon’s capacity to adopt the hue of its surroundings is just one of its many tricks. If a person looks up at a tree and sees nothing, a chameleon may be hiding there.

Conclusion

The following poem is about the characteristics of wild animals and how one can identify them. The poet has used humour to identify the wild, dangerous animals. She has talked about the roar of lone, the killing ability of a tiger. The poet also talked about animals like leopards, Hyenas, crocodiles, bears and Chameleons. The poem is useful for people who are going through the jungle. 

Textbook Question and Answers

1. Does ‘dyin’ rhyme with ‘lion’? Can you say it in such a way that it does?

Ans: The actual word is dying, which does not rhyme with a lion. It is written as ‘dyin’ in the poem to create a rhyme. 

2. How does the poet suggest you identify the lion and the tiger? When can you do so, according to him?

Ans: The poet differentiates between the two in the following manner, she says that if the beast is yellow-brown and roars out so loud that you may die, then this is an Asian lion. Whereas, if the animal has black stripes on the yellow background of its skin and he attacks to kill you, it is a Bengal tiger. 

3. Do you think the words ‘lept’ and ‘lep’ in the third stanza are spelt correctly? Why does the poet spell them like this? 

Ans: The words ‘lept’ and ‘lep’ have not been spelt correctly. It is a poetic device used by the poet to emphasise the actions of the leopard.

4. Look at the line “A novice might be nonplus”. How would you write this ‘correctly’? Why is the poet’s ‘incorrect’ line better in the poem? 

Ans: The correct sentence order is’ novice might be nonplussed. The poet wrote it to bring rhyme to her poem. Nonplus rhymes with thus.

5. Much of the humour in the poem arises from the way language is used, although the ideas are also funny. If there are particular lines in the poem that you especially like, share these with the class, speaking briefly about what it is about the ideas or the language that you like or find funny. 

Ans: Yes, the poet has indeed used the language in a way that creates humour. The poet uses many funny lines. One such is ‘If he roars at you as you’re dyin’. You’ll know it is the Asian Lion…’ or the other one is ‘A noble wild beast greets you. So his idea of explaining the characteristics of wild animals is quite funny.

How to Tell Wild Animals Extra Questions and Answers

1. How the poet describes the Lion?

Ans: The Poet says that if anyone encounters an animal with yellowish-brown skin and its roar is so loud that it can kill a person. Then it is a Lion.

2. How can one identify a tiger?

Ans: According to the poet, if an animal has black stripes on its yellow skin, it can kill and eat a person. Then that animal is a Tiger.

3. What differences are between a Hyena and a Crocodile?

Ans: According to the poet, Hyenas are always laughing, and crocodiles are always weeping.

Introduction

In the poem “The Ball’ a boy loses a ball. He’s angry and upset. The ball wasn’t expensive, and he can buy another one. But the boy decided not to purchase a new ball. He is extremely sad and grieving. In the poem, the author makes an effort to perceive what the child has lost and what lessons he has learned as a result of losing a ball.

Short Summary of the Poem

In the first stanza the poet asks now what the boy will do. As he was happily playing with his ball down the street but suddenly his ball bounced in the water and he lost vision of the ball now, this makes the boy extremely sad. 

The poet thinks it’s of no use of a console or for offering a new ball to the boy as he is very upset about it staring down in deep sorrow and feels that with the ball all his young days memories are also gone which can not be replaced by a new ball. Therefore, the poet wants the boy should learn to overcome this situation and let it go instead of being in deep pain throughout.

Boy with a ball

The poet compares the ball with the materialistic things of this world that humans possess. And losing these possessions makes them unhappy. In a way, he wants to convey that losing out valuable things in life is inevitable and one should learn to come out from that and keep moving ahead in life by leaving behind such pains

Extra information about the poem

The poem is written by John Berryman, who was an American poet in the 20th century. The poem consists of many poetic devices such as symbolism, alliteration, enjambment, and metaphors.

Conclusion

The poet is trying to make learners understand that nothing is permanent in this world, the chain of losing and getting something is an important aspect of one’s life. The poem mainly focuses on how the utter pain of losing something dearest to us in life gets healed by itself eventually. With our growth, we tend to leave or forget that pain or suffering behind us.

Textbook questions and answers

1. Why does the poet say, “I would not intrude on him”? Why doesn’t he offer him money to buy another ball?

Ans: The poet says that “ I would not intrude on him” because he wants the boy to learn the process of losing something on his own rather than be explained by someone else by intervening in this process. 

Poet does not offer him money for another ball because the money can buy him a new ball but won’t get those memories attached with the lost ball and he wants the boy to be prepared for the concept of loss which is a part and parcel of life.

2. “ …. staring down All his young days into the harbor where His ball went…. ” Do you think the boy has had the ball for a long time? Is it linked to the memories of days when he played with it?

Ans: Yes, the boy turned out to be very sad while staring down in the water as the ball jumped into the water. It seems with the disappearance of the ball from his sight  all his memories of young age attached to that ball flash in his eyes and he realizes that those memories have also gone forever. 

3. What does “in the world of possessions” mean?

Ans: “In the world of possession”  refers to the materialistic world where money can get possession of anything but can not replace those loving memories and emotions associated with one’s lost or dear one.

4. Do you think the boy has lost anything earlier? Pick out the Words that suggest the answer.

Ans: No, it is clear from the poet’s words “  Now he senses first responsibility in a world of possessions”, that the boy is losing something for the first time and learning from that it is a natural phenomenon of human life that he has to grow with.

5. What does the poet say the boy is learning from the loss of the ball? Try to explain this in your own words.

Ans: The poet tries to convey through the poem that the boy is learning from the loss of the ball the reality of life that nothing in this world is permanent, the one which has come has to go and in this way,  the boy is getting prepared for the future how to overcome sorrow and grieves if lose something in life.

6. Have you ever lost something you liked very much? Write a paragraph describing how you felt then, and saying whether and how- you got over your loss.

Ans: Yes, I have lost something which was closest to me. It was my first wrist watch given by my elder brother as a gift for getting good marks in mathematics in grade 8. That was one of the most precious gifts of my life.

I felt very pain when I lost such a valuable gift.  For me, it was difficult to  forget memories attached to that watch like how I was flaunting the watch in my class and many more things related to that watch. However, with time I realized with the help of elders that it has gone and won’t come back again, no matter how much I cry or be upset about it.

The Ball Poem Class 10 Extra Questions

1. What do you understand about materialism? Give a few examples.

Ans: Materialism refers to the importance given to possessions of materialistic things or stuff related to money such as land, house, and different equipment and gadgets in the modern scenario.

2.  Why did the boy not ask for another ball?

Ans: The boy did not ask for another ball because he had some childhood memories with that ball that cannot be regained with any other ball no matter how expensive that would be.

3. What does the “epistemology of loss” refer to?

Ans: The epistemology of loss refers to the process of coping up with the pain of losing something. It basically means the study or knowledge of the nature of loss.

4. Name some other notable works of John Berryman.

Ans: 

• “Seventy-Seven Dream Songs”.
• “Homage to mistress Bradstreet”.
• “Recovery”.

Introduction

The poem “Amanda” is written by Robin Klein. This poem deals with the story of a young girl who is continuously reminded by her mother about her mistakes. The author has beautifully described the feeling and emotions felt by the little girl. She feels controlled and dictated by her mother over every small thing. The following poem describes that children should not be controlled and should be given some freedom. Parents should allow their children to have their viewpoints and they should be given freedom of thought and expression.

Amanda and her mother

Summary

In the first stanza, her mother is pointing at her nails and telling her not to bite them. After that, her mother is complaining about her way of sitting. She is telling her to not bend her back and shoulders. Her mother complains about her lazy walk and tells her to keep the head and shoulders straight. Amanda is frustrated by all the nagging. She imagines how wonderful her life would be if she were good and had a tail instead of legs. She would swim in the ocean with the waves and go wherever she wanted.

In the second stanza, the mother is asking whether she has done her homework and cleaned her room and shoes. Here Amanda is imagining her life as an orphan. She thinks that if she were an orphan she would not have to listen to her mother, she could walk anywhere freely. She could live her life as she wanted. Amanda is so frustrated with her mother that she is imagining a life without her mother. 

In the third stanza, Amand’s mother is stopping her from eating chocolates. She told her not to eat chocolate because she will get pimples. Her mother is forcing her to listen to her. Amanda is now imagining her as a cartoon character, Rapunzel. Rapunzel is captured in a tower by a witch. Amanda also wanted to live alone in a tower. 

In the last stanza, Amanda’s mother warns her to stop behaving oddly. She says that she has become moody and is always in a bad mood. If anyone sees this then they will think that her mother is harassing her. If she does so, her mother will take it against her sense of dignity and rebuke her to behave appropriately as other children do. Here, Amanda’s mother nature is shown to be very dominating.

What Is the Theme of the Poem?

Textbook Questions

1. How old do you think Amanda is? How do you know this?

Ans: I think she is 10 or 11 years old because she is getting scolded for reasons that a young kid would do. He is very young and immature.

2. Who do you think is speaking to her?

Ans: Amanda’s mother is speaking to her and pointing out her mistakes. And she is trying to teach her good manners.

3. Why are Stanzas 2, 4 and 6 given in parenthesis? 

Ans: Stanza 2,4 and 6 are given in parentheses because they reflect thoughts of Amanda. The parenthesis makes the poem reader-friendly.

4. Who is the speaker in Stanzas 2, 4 and 6? Do you think this speaker is listening to the speaker in Stanzas 1, 3, 5, and 7? 

Ans: Speaker of the stanzas 2, 4 and 6 is Amanda. she is not paying any attention to the speaker of stanzas 1, 3 and 5 because she is lost in her thoughts. 

5. What could Amanda do if she were a mermaid?

Ans: If she were a mermaid, she would swim in the ocean with the waves. She would be free to swim anywhere she wanted.

6. Is Amanda an orphan? Why does she say so? 

Ans: No, Amanda is not an orphan, she says so because she is so frustrated with her mother that she thinks if she were an orphan her life would be better.

7. Do you know the story of Rapunzel? Why does she want to be Rapunzel?

Ans: Yes, and she wanted to be Rapunzel because she wanted to live in a tower alone, where no one would bother her, especially her mother.

8. What does the girl yearn for? What does this poem tell you about Amanda?

Ans: Amanda yearns for freedom and space for herself. She is incapable to fulfil the expectations of her parents. Amanda is a playful young child but she gets frustrated by the continuous nagging of her mother.

9. Read the last stanza. Do you think Amanda is sulking and moody?

Ans: No, she is not moody. She is just away from the regular household business and she is always indulged in her imagination.

Amanda Extra Question Answer

1. What were her first thoughts when her mother rebuked her?

Ans: Amanda wanted to be free like a mermaid, and swim with the waves wherever she pleased.

2. Amanda wants to be which cartoon character?

Ans: Amanda wants to be Rapunzel because she lived in a tower. Amanda also wanted to live alone in a tower where she was free.

3. Why did Amanda want to be an orphan?

Ans: Amanda wanted to be an orphan because then she would not have to listen to her mother and do whatever she wants to.

4. Should Parents dictate everything in a child’s life?

Ans: No, a child should be given freedom and allowed to think by himself. This would make him strong and confident and help him in future.

Introduction

This poem, “Animals,” is a metaphor for the animals’ inherent innocence. The poet has stated that he wants to remain among the animals since they are significantly more cooperative and uncomplicated than humans. The poet has dug out the dark side of human nature, revealing that people may be more dangerous than animals. So, the poem demonstrates the poet’s compassion towards animals.

Summary of the Poem

The poem Animals suggests that at one point in time, people were just as receptive to the earthy pleasures all around them as animals were, but this has changed. The animals were as content as always, but humans, with their greed, rage, envy, and inability to find joy in anything, had descended to the lowest echelons of society.

They are never content with what they have and constantly make excuses to the World for their faults in an effort to purge themselves of their egocentric goals. Having lost the ability to appreciate even the smallest of life’s pleasures, they have gone mad and developed sleeplessness.

Group of animals

The poet continued by saying that people have forgotten how to sustain themselves because they are caught in the web of a variety of complexities and confusions surrounding them and the negative soul’s pursuit of ever-increasing power and worldly pleasure. Contrarily, animals maintain a constant attitude of gratitude and contentment.

The poet lamented that humans always seem to find something to complain about, whereas animals seem content with their lot in life. They lack an obsession with accumulating material goods. None of the animals is obligated to show respect to members of their own species. All of them have the same happiness and dignity. The poet aspires to take a cue or two from animals, who lack the capacity for deceit and apply those lessons to his own life. Their high moral standards astound the poet.

About the poet

Walt Whitman, an American poet, essayist, and journalist, was born on May 31, 1819, in New York City. Sometimes referred to as the “father of free verse,” Walt Whitman was a pioneering figure in American poetry.

Conclusion

Animals, in Whitman’s view, represent feelings of affection and reverence for people. and they’re happy with their life overall. As a result, they don’t feel the need to acquire a lot of stuff. They don’t have any complaints and treat sadness and happiness equally. While animals continue to be content, humans are so preoccupied with the external world that they neglect the inside factors that contribute to their happiness.

Just like humans, they value their time too much to waste it on arguing over their duties to God. Humans and animals alike exhibit behaviours such as love, tranquilly, self-love, honesty, patience, and empathy, as Whitman pointed out. These traits are crucial for a fulfilling existence.

Textbook Question Answer

1. I think I could turn and live with animals…” What does this line signify?

Ans: The poet wants to turn himself away from the human community  and wants  to be with the “Animals”.as they have turned to a selfless group of living souls. He found “Animals” to be more content and happy for themselves.

 2. Can you mention any three things that Humans do and animals don’t?

Ans: The three things humans do and animals don’t are as follows:

1. Humans possess a complaining nature about their existence.
2. Humans always crib about their sins and past deeds for which they sometimes regrets.
3. Humans try to get rid of their sins by bestowing them upon God as they think God might help them by coming out of the same.

3.Have humans ever kneeled to their ancestors in the past?

Ans: Humans were considered to be dedicated disciples of their followers, elders, saints or priests and followed their principles dedicatedly and obeyed them by kneeling down. This shows that Humans earlier had an innate sense of respect and belongingness towards their elders. Thus poet tried to exhibit that this belongingness is missing in today’s Humans. 

4- What does the word ‘tokens’ signify in the poem that the poet mentioned that he may have dropped long ago?

Ans:– The word “tokens” express the sense of decency that all the animals brace up without lamenting for any worldly attraction around them, whereas Humans have gradually discarded and shredded this priceless value of happiness.

 

Important Extra Questions and Answers

1. Why does the poet have a preference to stay with the animals?

Ans: The poet has a preference to stay with the “Animals as Humans are trapped in the cobwebs of several complicates and confusions around them and the negative soul to get more and more power and earthly pleasure they have forgotten how to sustain. On the other hand, Animals are always content and thankful for what they have.

2. What is the existence of the term  ‘tokens’ in the poem? 

Ans:-Here the token signifies a “Token of love”.Animals tend to be happy and content with what God has given them and do not hold grudges about any sort of materialistic  and worldly object.

3. What is the major theme of the poem, ‘Animals’?

Ans:–According to the poem Animals, both Humans and Animals had an innate happiness and both were happily living ever after but over the time humans became reluctant about the earthly pleasure around them. The animals continued with their same happiness. Hence this differentiation stand out to be the major theme.

4.How are animals better-living souls than humans, according to the poet?

Ans:-In the poet’s point of view, animals are more compassionate than humans and they do not bear any negative qualities as humans do. In their world, all are happy, and glad. They show their relations to the poet, and he accepts them.

Introduction

What follows is a tale written by Mark Twain. The protagonist in this piece is unable to replace his broken watch. The author made an effort to get his watch fixed. The author’s love for his wristwatch lies at the heart of this tale. He’s doing his best to repair his broken watch. And the author also recalls his uncle’s feedback.

The Watch

Summary

The narrative that follows begins with the author’s love for his watch. After 18 months of use, the author reports that his watch is still in pristine condition. He had come to rely on that watch, and he was pleased with how dependable it was. The author accidentally left the watch running one night, and everything went downhill from there. A day later, the timepiece stopped working. The writer had a panic attack. He guessed at the time and the watch slowed down afterward. Since he had lost track of time and was feeling quite down, the author visited a jeweller to have his watch adjusted. The master jeweller gave it a once-over and accidentally pushed the timepiece’s regulator, speeding up its already rapid ticking. The jewellery had sparked a great deal of ire in the author. He took it to a different watchmaker, who held it for a week and still couldn’t fix it. A rage engulfed the author, and he lashed out angrily at the jeweller. The watch’s condition has deteriorated further. The clock was running slowly.

The writer took the watch to a watchmaker for a second opinion, and this time the repair would take three days. Even after the author spent three days alone in the wilderness, the watch he brought home was broken. The watch would run for a while, pause for a while, and then start running again. The author was annoyed that despite spending hundreds on repairs, the watch still malfunctioned. The problem could not be fixed by any of the watchmakers.

The author sought the help of a grizzled old watchmaker who was actually a mediocre riverboat mechanic. He advised that a monkey wrench be used for your steaming watch. A good horse was a good horse until the day he went away, and a good watch was a good watch until the day the repairmen had a chance with it, the author recalled his uncle saying at the same time. He knew that none of the tinkerers were experts in their field. He abandoned the plan to get the watch serviced.

Textbook Question and Answers

1. What was the importance of the watch to the author?

Ans: The watch was very important to the author because it had told him the perfect time for the last 19 months and the author had become punctual in his work. Once the watch ran down it put the author in trouble.

2. What were the attempts made by the author to get his watch repaired?

Ans: The author attempted multiple times to fix his watch. He first takes the watch to a jewellery shop, where the owner pushed the regulator of the watch a bit too hard and worsened the condition. He then took the watch to a watchmaker. He kept the watch for a week and even could not repair it. He again gave the watch to another watchmaker and he kept the watch for 3 days and could not fix it. The author had lost thousands of dollars in repair and could not get the watch working and at last, he gave up.

3. Why did the author finally give up on his watch?

Ans: The author gave up on his watch because he had already spent thousands of dollars on the repair of the watch and could not get the watch running again. So, he decided to give up.

4. What was Uncle Williams’ comment on the ‘tinkerers’ of the world?

Ans: All the attempts by the author to get his watch fixed failed. He then remembered uncle Williams’ comment that “a horse was a good horse until it had run away once, a watch was a good watch until the repairers got a chance at it”. Uncle William also commented that these tinkerers always become the jack of all spades but masters of none. All the unsuccessful tinkerers are not specialists. 

 

Important Extra Questions

1. What was the attitude of the chief jeweller?

Ans: The attitude of the chief jeweller was something that the author did not like. It was over confident and because of his attitude he pushed the regulator of the watch too hard which worsened the condition of the watch and made it fast.

2. Did the author send sentimental values with the watch?

Ans: The author had  sentimental values for the watch because it had told him the perfect time for the last 18 months and never had once failed to do so. The author grew dependent on that watch and agreed with the time shown by the watch blindly. 

3. Did the watch ever get repaired?

Ans: After spending thousands of dollars and consulting many watchmakers the watch was still not repaired. The author lost hope and moved on. 

Introduction

CaO is the chemical formula for calcium oxide, which is a chemical compound. “Quicklime” is another name for this substance. In its cubic crystal lattice form, this chemical is extremely stable. As a result, its melting point is high, and it resists heat treatments quite well. Calcium carbonate ores are the primary raw material for this chemical. It can be found in powdered or crystalline form and is an amorphous material. The unadulterated form of this substance is a bluish-grey colour.

What is Calcium Oxide

• Calcium oxide (CaO) is an inorganic chemical that exists as a white crystalline powder.
• Quicklime is a type of lime that can also be used as a substitute for regular lime.
• It’s a lewis base and a metal oxide.
• Calcination of calcium carbonate ores, which eliminates carbon dioxide as a volatile contaminant and creates calcium oxide, is a common method of obtaining this material.
• This white, crystalline powder has the unique property of being able to undergo reversible reactions, making it quite desirable.
• It neutralises the acidity effects and dissolves easily in water. Its widespread industrial application can be attributed to the high temperatures produced when it reacts with water.

Structure of Calcium Oxide

The structure forms an ionic bond between one cation,\(C{a^{2 + }}\), and one anion,\({O^{2 – }}\). It is composed of six electrons in the outermost shell of an oxygen atom and two electrons in the outermost shell of a calcium atom.

Preparation of Calcium Oxide

• The mineral calcite \(CaC{O_3}\) found in limestone and seashells can be thermally decomposed in a lime kiln to produce calcium oxide.

         \[CaC{{\bf{O}}_3}\left( s \right){\rm{ }} \to CaO(s) + C{O_2}\]

• Calcination refers to the process of making burnt lime. The process begins by heating the reactants to decompose them, but the temperature must be kept below their melting points or else the process will fail.
• At temperatures between 1070 and 1270 degrees Celsius, calcium carbonate is transformed by a process called calcination. Typically, a rotary kiln is used to host such processes. Limestone that has been burned and carbon dioxide gas are the reaction’s end products.

Calcium Oxide Properties

• Quicklime readily combines with water to form calcium hydroxide. It is an exothermic process. During hydration, it converts the powder form into a solid compound, calcium hydroxide as follows:  

          \(CaO\left( s \right){\rm{ }} + {H_2}O{\rm{ }} \Leftrightarrow \left( l \right)Ca{\left( {OH} \right)_2}\left( {aq} \right)\)

• Quick lime is a lewis base and neutralises the acidic oxides like \({\bf{A}}{{\bf{l}}_2}{{\bf{O}}_3},{\bf{Si}}{{\bf{O}}_2},{\bf{and}}\;{\bf{F}}{{\bf{e}}_2}{{\bf{O}}_3}.\) The reaction to these compounds produces molten slag which is basic. Therefore, quicklime is basic.
• As calcium oxide is a basic oxide, it combines with an acid to form salt and water. It is called a neutralisation reaction. 

Calcium Oxide Uses

It is widely used in various industries as mentioned below:

• Compressed lime cartridges provide a very high exothermic reaction, which aids  rock breaking in mining industry. 
• CaO is used to separate sodium hydroxide from sodium carbonate during the papermaking process.
• CaO is used to detect the presence of water in a fuel storage tank.
• It’s the primary component in both cement and high-quality steel production.
• It is added to food to improve flavour.
• Caustic soda, flour treatment agents, and acidity regulators all rely on it as a crucial element.
• CaO is used to remove sulphur dioxide from water sources by flue-gas desulfurization, slurry, and solid sprays.
• To dehydrate and precipitate substances, this chemical is employed.
• When dealing with acidic soils, this is the approach to use.

What are the benefits Of calcium in the human body?

Calcium is the main source of Vitamin D. It helps in the formation of strong bones and is beneficial for teeth.  It majorly helps in the proper functioning of the body like the heart, nerves, and muscles.

Interesting Facts about Calcium Oxide

• Calcium oxide gives a bright white light when heated to its melting point, though it has a very high melting point.
• It has a melting point of 2600°C and can handle high thermal temperatures.
• Lime or CaO is used to remove the acidic effect of acidic rainwater.
• Inhalation of calcium oxide irritates the eyes and skin. 
• In the past, it was a myth that calcium oxide speeds up the decomposition of dead animals and humans.  

Summary

CaO, or calcium oxide, has a very high melting point for a chemical substance. Extremely powerful and exothermic reactions occur when calcium oxide is mixed with water. In the process of doing so, calcium hydroxide is formed, which is both corrosive and thermally active (reaching temperatures of 800 °C). Although calcium oxide does not present a fire hazard on its own, when combined with water it generates enough heat to ignite flammable materials.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How does calcium oxide react with hydrochloric acid?

Ans. It forms a salt calcium chloride along with water when calcium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid.

\[{\bf{CaO}}{\rm{ }} + {\bf{2HCl}} \Leftrightarrow {\bf{CaC}}{{\bf{l}}_2} + {{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{O}}\]

2. How is calcium oxide used in water treatment? 

Ans: Calcium oxide is used in water treatment to remove impurities such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide. 

3. Why is calcium oxide more hazardous than calcium hydroxide?

Ans. Calcium oxide is a substance that readily reacts with water to generate calcium hydroxide, whether that water is in the air, on your skin, or somewhere else. When calcium oxide reacts with water, it releases a great deal of heat, making it not only corrosive but also potentially dangerous because of the risk of burns.

Introduction

Evaporation is the transformation of liquid into a gaseous state. The simple process of water evaporating from the soil in response to the sun’s heating influence can help us grasp the concept of evaporation. By contrast, “boiling” refers to bringing a liquid to a temperature above its boiling point. There is a significant difference between evaporation and boiling, with the former affecting only the liquid’s surface and the latter affecting the bulk of the substance.

In most people’s minds, this is the main difference between boiling and evaporation. In contrast to boiling, evaporation occurs naturally and unintentionally. Therefore, we need to distinguish between the two terms to get a proper grasp on them.

The solid-state

Densely packed particles create a solid state. In the solid state, the positions of the particles within a substance are fixed concerning one another due to the lack of thermal energy to break the intermolecular connections between them. It follows that solids are distinguished by their shape and volume. The particles that make up a solid form a crystal when they arrange themselves in a repeating, three-dimensional pattern of positive and negative ions.

The liquid state

If the particles in a substance have enough energy to partially overcome intermolecular interactions, they can move around each other while still being in contact. This is the state of matter known as a liquid phase. Given that the particles in a liquid are still relatively close together, the volume of the liquid is fixed. Since the particles in a liquid can move relatively freely around each other, the liquid can take on the shape of its container.

The gaseous state

The gaseous phases lack a distinct structure and volume. It occupies the entire space of the container. 

What is boiling?

Constant heating causes a liquid to boil and transform into a gas. When the temperature hits boiling, it happens, and bubbles are produced. At this point, a liquid boils and rapidly loses its liquid state.

If you heat a liquid to its boiling point, its particles will start moving more rapidly and agitating. Remember that, unlike evaporation, boiling is usually not a natural occurrence. When the external pressure on a liquid equals the vapour pressure of the gas it’s giving off, we say that the liquid is boiling.

Boiling

What is the boiling point?

The boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid starts boiling. The temperature doesn’t change once the liquid begins to boil until all of the liquid has been transformed into a gas.

What is evaporation?

When a liquid changes into a gas because of high pressure or temperature, this natural process is called evaporation. It does not matter what the temperature is. Even more so, bubbles are not produced during the evaporation process. Evaporation, a natural phenomenon, plays a key role in the water cycle. It can happen at any time, regardless of how hot it becomes. Leave a glass of water out on the table for a while and you’ll see that the water level gradually decreases without any help from you. It’s one of the two ways that things can be vaporised. Atoms or molecules in a liquid state are given enough energy to undergo a phase transition into the gaseous state.

Factors affecting evaporation

1. Temperature: The rate of evaporation depends on the ambient temperature. A liquid changes into a gas in the presence of increasing kinetic energy. Therefore, evaporation occurs at a faster rate.
2. Surface area: How quickly a liquid evaporates is directly proportional to the amount of surface area it is exposed to. A common method for expediting water evaporation from a wet cloth is to stretch it out past the cloth line.
3. The humidity of air: Evaporation is significantly affected by the humidity of the surrounding air. The more time it takes for our clothes to dry after being wet, the more water vapour will be in the air. 
4. Wind speed: The rate of evaporation increases with the strength of the wind. Water evaporates more quickly when there is more wind, which increases the kinetic energy between the water molecules. 

Difference between evaporation and boiling

Summary

In conclusion, evaporation is slower, only occurs from the liquid’s surface, doesn’t result in bubbles, and causes cooling. Boiling is quicker, can happen anywhere in the liquid, results in a lot of bubbles, and does not cause cooling. Evaporation is a typical process that takes place when a liquid transforms into gas while raising the temperature or pressure. Boiling is an unnatural process in which the liquid is continuously heated to a point where it evaporates. The temperature at which a liquid’s vapour pressure equals the surrounding pressure is known as the boiling point. The boiling point falls off as the altitude rises.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Give some illustrations of evaporation.

Evaporation can occur when ice cubes begin to melt, for instance. Another example is the drying of damp surfaces such as floors and clothing. Another example is the evaporation of nail paint remover. Others include iced drinks, clothing ironing, drying damp hair, and more.

2. What distinguishes evaporation from vaporisation?

Molecules may also emerge from below a liquid’s surface during vaporisation. Only the molecules on the liquid’s surface evaporate when a liquid is evaporating. Both vaporisation and evaporation are simply phases of a substance changing from a solid or liquid state to a gaseous state.

3. Which two vaporisation types are there?

Evaporation and boiling are the two different types of vaporisation that exist. Only during the phase transition between the liquid and the gaseous phase can evaporation or a surface event takes place. The molecules or atoms on the surface gain energy from their surroundings, defeat the pull of other molecules and become vaporised.

 

Introduction

Alcohol is a common chemical compound. One or more hydroxyl groups (OH) attached to the carbonyl (C) atom of an alkyl group define an organic compound. Ethanol and methanol are the most prevalent types of alcohol, although there are many others. Different kinds of alcohol have different purposes. Although they share the alcohol family with methanol, ethanol is used for very different purposes.

In order to stay safe, it’s crucial to put in lots of research time before picking an alcoholic beverage. Methanol is an alcohol that is used to produce gasoline and other solvents like antifreeze. On the other hand, ethanol is the main component of all alcoholic beverages. Each type of alcohol has advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, impact on the environment, and potential health risks.

What is Methanol

The formula for this compound is \({CH_3OH}\). . It’s a dangerous variety of alcohol that shouldn’t be drunk. You can find this substance in gasoline, solvents, and even antifreeze; it goes by a few different names. It is also a key ingredient in the manufacture of chemicals like acetic acid. As a byproduct of their metabolism, it can be found in fruits and vegetables.

Properties of Methanol

1. Methanol has a molecular mass of 32.04 g/mol and a density of 0.792 \(g/c{m^3}\).
2. It is a colourless flammable liquid that is volatile
3. Methanol freezes at a temperature of 93.9 °C (137 °F) and boils at 64.96 °C (148.93 °F).
4. It burns with a dull flame and generates explosive combinations with air.
5. It is fully miscibile with water.
6. Due to the vapours’ slightly heavier-than-air density, they may return to an ignition source after travelling some distance.

Uses of Methanol

1. It is manly use as a raw material for chemical production. 
2. Methylamine production requires its use.
3. It’s also helpful in making acetic acid out of formaldehyde.
4. It’s added to liquids to make them freeze at a lower temperature. 
5. It is used as an engine fuel in high-performance vehicles like sprint cars and even stunt cars when it is in its purest form.
6. It is also used as an HPLC solvent and in other laboratory applications. 
7. In addition to being a fuel and an amphiprotic solvent, it is also a metabolite in humans, mice, Escherichia coli, and Mycoplasma genitalium.

What is Ethanol

It has the chemical formula \({C_2}{H_5}OH\) and is simple alcohol. It is a polar substance. Because of the presence of the OH group, it may also create hydrogen bonds. It’s also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. It is an important component in beer, wine, and even brandy.

Since ethanol is easily dissolved in water plus other organic substances, it can be found in a variety of different items. This alcohol is a natural outcome of plant fermentation that occurs from ethylene hydration. The sugar fermentation procedure with the zymase enzyme may readily produce ethanol. At low concentrations, it is less hazardous than methanol (\({CH_3OH}\)). However, it is poisonous to the body as well as, in the liver, it turns to acetaldehyde, which is similarly harmful.

Properties of Ethanol

Uses of Ethanol

1. Ethanol is frequently employed as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
2. Ethanol is commonly used as a treatment for ethylene glycol and methyl alcohol poisonings.
3. In many cases, ethanol is used to dissolve drugs that cannot be dissolved in water.
4. Some pain relievers and mouthwashes, for instance, use ethanol (in concentrations ranging from 1% to 25%) as a solvent.
5. Many alcoholic drinks used orally for enjoyment have ethanol as their major constituent.
6. It has the effects of a psychoactive substance, making people feel relaxed and happy.
7. However, it operates as a CNS depressive and reduces mental and physical capabilities.
8. In the manufacturing sector, ethanol is used to make a variety of products, including ethyl esters, acetic acid, diethyl ether, and ethyl amines.
9. Because it can dissolve both polar and nonpolar molecules, this chemical finds widespread application as a solvent.

Difference Between Ethanol and Methanol

Summary

Methanol, or \({CH_3OH}\),  is an alcohol consisting of only four elements: hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, making it both water- and biodegradable. It burns cleanly and decomposes easily. It has the chemical formula \({C_2H_5OH}\) and is simple alcohol. Ethanol is an almost colourless liquid with a strong, winey aroma and flavour. Primarily, ethanol is ethane with a hydroxyl group inserted into one of its hydrogens. Both compounds are vital to numerous industries and have widespread application.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is ethanol biomass?

Ans. Ethanol biomass is the ethanol produced entirely through various plants. It is produced mainly through the process of fermentation utilizing microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast. 

2. Can methanol be created through natural sources?

Ans. Certain bacteria species create methanol spontaneously through anaerobic respiration. Aside from that, we can create it industrially using fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal.

3. Why is alcohol denatured?

Ethanol is often denatured to discourage its recreational use and to make it usable for industrial purposes and fuel manufacturing.  Pyridine and methanol are generally used for this purpose.