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मुहावरे

मुहावरा ऐसा शब्द समूह होता है, जो अपने शब्द में निहित अर्थ को न देकर उससे भिन्न लेकिन रूढ़ अर्थ देता है।

वह अपना विलक्षण अर्थ प्रकट करता है। मुहावरा लोक मानस की स्वाभाविक अभिव्यक्ति होता है। इसमें दुरुहुता नहीं होती है। यह अपने लोक परंपरागत अर्थ में ही सार्थक है। 

“मुहावरा” अरबी भाषा का शब्द है जिसका अर्थ होता है “आदि होना” या “अभ्यास होना”। मुहावरा शब्द सामान्य अर्थ से अलग विशेष अर्थ को प्रकट करता है। 

हम अपने दैनिक जीवन में कई बार अपने मन के भाव या विचारों को मुहावरों के शब्दों का प्रयोग करके प्रकट करते हैं। मुहावरे पूर्ण रूप से स्वतंत्र नहीं होते इनका प्रयोग वाक्य सौंदर्य को बढ़ाने में किया जाता है। इसके प्रयोग मात्र से भाषा आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण और रोचक बन जाती है। 

मुहावरों का संबंध साहित्य में कम और भाषा में अधिक होता है। यह भाषा के सामर्थ्य का प्रतीक होता है। मुहावरेदार भाषा असरदार होती है।

मुहावरे का वाक्य में प्रयोग इस प्रकार किया जाता है-

कलम तोड़ना ( बहुत सुंदर लिखना) – जयशंकर प्रसाद ने कामयानी लिखने में कलम तोड़ दी।

अपना उल्लू सीधा करना ( अपना स्वार्थ सिद्ध करना)-  आजकल सभी लोग अपना उल्लू सीधा करने में लगे हुए हैं।

नौ दो ग्यारह हो जाना ( भाग जाना)-  पुलिस को देखकर चोर नौ दो ग्यारह हो गए।

अक्ल का दुश्मन होना ( मूर्ख होना)-  मोहन ऐसे काम करता है की उसे अक्ल का दुश्मन कहना गलत नहीं होगा।

पगड़ी उछालना ( बेइज्जती करना)-  उसने सभी के सामने अपने भाई की पगड़ी उछाल दी।

लोकोक्तियाँ

लोकोक्ति का अर्थ होता है लोक + उक्ति अर्थात लोक में प्रचलित उक्ति। जो उक्ति समाज में चिरकाल से प्रचलित होती है।

 लोकोक्ति अर्थ को पूरी तरह स्पष्ट करती है। लोकोक्ति को कहावतें भी कहते हैं। कहावतें कही हुई बातों के समर्थन में होती है। महापुरुषों, कवियों व संतों के कहे हुए ऐसे कथन जो स्वतंत्र और आम बोलचाल की भाषा में कहे गए हैं जिसमें उनका भाव निहित होता है तो ये  लोकोक्तियाँ कहलाती है। प्रत्येक लोकोक्ति के पीछे कोई न कोई घटना व कहानी होती है।

लोकोक्ति अपने आप में पूर्ण वाक्य होती है। इनके शाब्दिक अर्थ और सांकेतिक अर्थ में समानता होती है।इनका प्रयोग किसी बात का समर्थन करने के लिए किया जाता है। यह अभिव्यक्ति का सशक्त साधन है।

लोकोक्तियों का वाक्य में प्रयोग

अंधा क्या चाहे, दो आँखें: (आवश्यक या अभीष्ट वस्तु का मिल जाना)-  मैं आज ऑफिस से छुट्टी लेने की सोच रहा था तभी बॉस का कॉल आया और बोले के आज वो बाहर जा रहे है, इसलिए ऑफिस का ऑफ है। यह तो अंधा क्या चाहे दो आँखें वाली बात हो गई।

अंधेर नगरी चौपट राजा, टका सेर भाजी टका सेर खाजा: (जहाँ मालिक मूर्ख होता है, वहाँ गुण का आदर नहीं होता) – एक कंपनी का मालिक मूर्ख था तथा वहाँ के कर्मचारी गुणवान, लेकिन फिर भी उनके गुणों का आदर नहीं होता था। इसे कहते हैं अंधेर नगरी चौपट राजा, टका सेर भाजी टका सेर खाजा।

अंधों में काना राजा : (मूर्खों या अज्ञानियों में अल्पज्ञ लोगों का भी बहुत आदर होता है।) – टेस्ट में जहाँ सभी के जीरो नंबर आए वहाँ राम दो नंबर से प्रथम आ गया। इसे कहते हैं अंधों में काना राजा।

अंत भला तो सब भला : (परिणाम अच्छा हो जाए तो सब कुछ माना जाता है।) – सुधा का बेटा लड़कर घर से निकल गया था लेकिन अब वह वापिस आ गया और सुधा ने उसे माफ कर दिया और कहने लगी की अंत भला तो सब भला।

अकेला चना भाड़ नहीं फोड़ सकता:(अकेला आदमी कोई बड़ा काम नहीं कर सकता) – पत्थर को तोड़ने के लिए हम सभी को साथ काम करना पड़ेगा क्योंकि अकेला चना भाड़ नहीं फोड़ सकता है।

मुहावरे और लोकोक्ति में अंतर

मुहावरे अधिकतर ‘ना’ से खत्म होते है, जैसे आँख लगना, मक्खी मारना, आसमान सिर पर उठा लेना आदि जबकि लोकोक्तियाँ ‘ना’ से खत्म नहीं होती हैं।

मुहावरा पूर्णतः स्वतंत्र नहीं होता है, अकेले मुहावरे से वाक्य पूरा नहीं होता है। लोकोक्ति पूरे वाक्य का निर्माण करने में समर्थ होती है। मुहावरा भाषा में चमत्कार उत्पन्न करता है जबकि लोकोक्ति उसमें स्थिरता लाती है। मुहावरा छोटा होता है जबकि लोकोक्ति बड़ी और भावपूर्ण होती है।

अधिकतर पूछें गए प्रश्न

1. मुहावरे का अर्थ स्पष्ट करें।

उत्तर: “मुहावरा” अरबी भाषा का शब्द है जिसका अर्थ होता है “आदि होना” या “अभ्यास होना”। मुहावरा शब्द सामान्य अर्थ से अलग विशेष अर्थ को प्रकट करता है। मुहावरा ऐसा शब्द समूह होता है, जो अपने शब्द में निहित अर्थ को न देखकर उससे भिन्न लेकिन रूढ़ अर्थ देता है।

2.लोकोक्ति किसे कहते है?

उत्तर: लोकोक्ति का अर्थ होता है लोक + उक्ति अर्थात लोक में प्रचलित उक्ति। जो उक्ति समाज में चिरकाल से प्रचलित होती है। लोकोक्ति अपने आप में पूर्ण वाक्य होती है। इनके शाब्दिक अर्थ और सांकेतिक अर्थ में समानता होती है।इनका प्रयोग किसी बात का समर्थन करने के लिए किया जाता है। यह अभिव्यक्ति का सशक्त साधन है।

3. “आसमान सिर पर उठा लेना” मुहावरे के अर्थ क्या है?

उत्तर: आसमान सिर पर उठा लेना का अर्थ है बहुत शोर करना। जब अध्यापक कक्षा से बाहर गया तो छात्रों ने आसाम सिर पर उठा लिया। बाद में अध्यापक ने सभी को सजा दी।

4. “अब पछताए होत क्या जब चिड़िया चुग गई खेत” लोकोक्ति का अर्थ बताओ।

उत्तर:  दी गई लोकोक्ति का अर्थ है काम बिगड़ जाने पर पछताने और अफसोस करने से कोई लाभ नहीं होता मोहन परीक्षा के लिए पहले तो पढ़ा नहीं और अब फेल होने पर अफसोस कर रहा है। यह तो अब पछताए होत क्या जब चिड़िया चुग गई खेत वाली बात हो गई।

5. मुहावरे और लोकोक्ति में क्या अंतर है?

उत्तर: मुहावरा पूर्णतः स्वतंत्र नहीं होता है, अकेले मुहावरे से वाक्य पूरा नहीं होता है। लोकोक्ति पूरे वाक्य का निर्माण करने में समर्थ होती है। मुहावरा भाषा में चमत्कार उत्पन्न करता है जबकि लोकोक्ति उसमें स्थिरता लाती है। मुहावरा छोटा होता है जबकि लोकोक्ति बड़ी और भावपूर्ण होती है।

वाक्य विचार की परिभाषा

वह शब्द समूह जिससे पूरी बात समझ में आ जाए, ‘वाक्य’ कहलाता है।विचार को पूर्णता से प्रकट करने वाली एक क्रिया से युक्त पद-समूह को ‘वाक्य’ कहते हैं।

जिससे वक्ता या लेखक का पूर्ण अभिप्राय श्रोता या पाठक को समझ में आ जाए, उसे वाक्य कहते हैं।

 जैसे- “विजय खेल रहा है, बालिका नाच रही है।”

वाक्य ऐसे पदसमूह का नाम है जिसमें योग्यता, आकांक्षा दोनों वर्तमान हों। उसे वाक्य कहते हैं।

वाक्य के दो भाग होते है –

(1)उद्देश्य

(2)विद्येय 

(1) उद्देश्य 

वाक्य का वह भाग, जिसमें किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में कुछ कहा जाए, उसे उद्देश्य कहते हैं।

वाक्य में जिसके विषय में कुछ कहा जाए, उसे उद्देश्य कहते हैं।

जैसे- “पूनम किताब पढ़ती है।” 

       “सचिन दौड़ता है।”

इस वाक्य में पूनम और सचिन के विषय में बताया गया है। अतः ये उद्देश्य है। इसके अंतर्गत कर्ता और कर्ता का विस्तार आता है।

उद्देश्य के रूप में संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया-विशेषण क्रियाद्योतक और वाक्यांश आदि आते हैं।

जैसे- 1. संज्ञा- मोहन गेंद खेलता है।

2. सर्वनाम- वह घर जाता है।
3. विशेषण– बुद्धिमान सदा सच बोलते हैं।
4. क्रिया-विशेषण- पीछे मत देखो।
5. क्रियार्थक संज्ञा- तैरना एक अच्छा व्यायाम है।
6. वाक्यांश- भाग्य के भरोसे बैठे रहना कायरों का काम है।

उद्देश्य के भाग

उद्देश्य के दो भाग होते है-

(i) कर्ता

(ii) कर्ता का विशेषण या कर्ता से संबंधित शब्द।

(2) विद्येय  

उद्देश्य के विषय में जो कुछ कहा जाता है, उसे विद्येय कहते है।

जैसे- “पूनम किताब पढ़ती है।”

इस वाक्य में ‘किताब पढ़ती’ है विधेय है क्योंकि पूनम (उद्देश्य )के विषय में कहा गया है।

वाक्य के कर्ता (उद्देश्य) को अलग करने के बाद वाक्य में जो कुछ भी शेष रह जाता है, वह विधेय कहलाता है।

इसके अंतर्गत विधेय का विस्तार आता है। 

जैसे- लंबे-लंबे बालों वाली लड़की ‘अभी-अभी एक बच्चे के साथ दौड़ते हुए उधर गई’ ।

इस वाक्य में विधेय (गई) का विस्तार ‘अभी-अभी एक बच्चे के साथ दौड़ते हुए उधर’ है।

विशेष-आज्ञासूचक वाक्यों में विद्येय तो होता है किन्तु उद्देश्य छिपा होता है।

जैसे- “वहाँ जाओ।”

    “खड़े हो जाओ।”

इन दोनों वाक्यों में जिसके लिए आज्ञा दी गई है वह उद्देश्य अर्थात ‘वहाँ न जाने वाला ‘(तुम) और ‘खड़े हो जाओ’ (तुम या आप) अर्थात् उद्देश्य दिखाई नही पड़ता वरन छिपा हुआ है।

विधेय के भाग–

विधेय के छः भाग होते है-

(i) क्रिया

(ii) क्रिया के विशेषण

(iii) कर्म

(iv) कर्म के विशेषण या कर्म से संबंधित शब्द

(v) पूरक

(vi)पूरक के विशेषण।

विधेय के प्रकार

विधेय दो प्रकार के होते हैं-

 (i) साधारण विधेय (ii) जटिल विधेय

(i) साधारण विधेय–

 साधारण विधेय में केवल एक क्रिया होती है। इसका वाक्य बिल्कुल सरल या साधारण होता है।

जैसे- “राम पढ़ता हैं।”

“वह लिखती है।”

(ii) जटिल विधेय-

 जब विधेय के साथ पूरक शब्द प्रयुक्त होते हैं, तो विधेय को जटिल विधेय कहते हैं।

पूरक के रूप में आनेवाला शब्द संज्ञा, विशेषण, सम्बन्धवाचक तथा क्रिया-विशेषण होता हैं।

जैसे- 1. संज्ञा : मेरा बड़ा भाई ‘दुकानदार’ है।

2. विशेषण : वह आदमी ‘सुस्त’ है।
3. सम्बन्धवाचक : ये पाँच सौ रुपये ‘तुम्हारे’ हुए।
4. ‘क्रिया-विशेषण’ : आप ‘कहाँ’ थे।

वाक्य के भेद

1) अर्थ के आधार पर

2) वाक्य के आधार पर

1) रचना के आधार पर वाक्य के तीन भेद होते है-

(i) साधरण वाक्य या सरल वाक्य 

(ii) मिश्रित वाक्य 

(iii) संयुक्त वाक्य 

(i) साधरण वाक्य या सरल वाक्य:-

जिन वाक्य में एक ही क्रिया होती है, और एक कर्ता होता है, वे साधारण वाक्य कहलाते है।

जिन वाक्यों में केवल एक ही उद्देश्य और एक ही विधेय होता है, उन्हें साधारण वाक्य या सरल वाक्य कहते हैं।

इसमें एक ‘उद्देश्य’ और एक ‘विधेय’ रहते हैं।

जैसे- ‘बिजली चमकती है’,

       ‘पानी बरसा’ ।

इन वाक्यों में एक-एक उद्देश्य, अर्थात कर्ता और विधेय, अर्थात् क्रिया है। अतः ये साधारण या सरल वाक्य हैं।

(ii) मिश्रित वाक्य:–

जिस वाक्य में एक से अधिक वाक्य मिले हों किन्तु एक प्रधान उपवाक्य तथा शेष आश्रित उपवाक्य हों, मिश्रित वाक्य कहलाता है।

जिस वाक्य में मुख्य उद्देश्य और मुख्य विधेय के अलावा एक या अधिक समापिका क्रियाएँ हों, उसे ‘मिश्रित वाक्य’ कहते हैं।

जब दो ऐसे वाक्य मिलें जिनमें एक मुख्य उपवाक्य  तथा एक गौण अथवा आश्रित उपवाक्य हो, तब मिश्र वाक्य बनता है।

 जैसे-

1) “मेरा दृढ़ विश्वास है कि भारत जीतेगा।”

2) “सफल वही होता है जो परिश्रम करता है।”

उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में ‘मेरा दृढ़ विश्वास है कि’ तथा ‘सफल वही होता है’ मुख्य उपवाक्य हैं और ‘भारत जीतेगा’ तथा ‘जो परिश्रम करता है’ गौण उपवाक्य, इसलिए ये मिश्र वाक्य हैं।

(iii) संयुक्त वाक्य 

जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक उपवाक्य मिले हों, परन्तु सभी वाक्य प्रधान हो तो ऐसे वाक्य को संयुक्त वाक्य कहते है।

जिन वाक्यों में दो या दो से अधिक सरल वाक्य योजकों (और, एवं, तथा, या, अथवा, इसलिए, अतः, फिर भी, तो, नहीं तो, किन्तु, परन्तु, लेकिन, पर आदि) से जुड़े हों, उन्हें संयुक्त वाक्य कहते है।

जिस वाक्य में साधारण अथवा मिश्र वाक्यों का मेल संयोजक अवयवों द्वारा होता है, उसे संयुक्त वाक्य कहते हैं।

जैसे- 

1) वह सुबह गया और शाम को लौट आया। 

2) प्रिय बोलो पर असत्य नहीं। 

3) उसने बहुत परिश्रम किया किन्तु सफलता नहीं मिली।

4) मैं रोटी खाकर लेटा कि पेट में दर्द होने लगा, और 

यह सभी वाक्य और, पर, किंतु, की आदि संयोजक शब्दों से जुड़े हुए है, इसलिए यह संयुक्त वाक्य है।

(2) वाक्य के भेद- अर्थ के आधार पर

अर्थ के आधार पर वाक्य मुख्य रूप से आठ प्रकार के होते है-

(i) सरल वाक्य 

(ii) निषेधात्मक वाक्य 

(iii) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य 

(iv) आज्ञावाचक वाक्य 

(v) संकेतवाचक वाक्य 

(vi) विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य 

(vii) विधानवाचक वाक्य

(viii) इच्छावाचक वाक्य 

(i) सरल वाक्य :-

वे वाक्य जिनमें कोई बात साधरण बात  ढंग से कही जाती है, सरल वाक्य कहलाते है।

जैसे- “राम ने बाली को मारा।” 

“राधा खाना बना रही है।”

(ii) निषेधात्मक वाक्य:-

जिन वाक्यों में किसी काम के न होने या न करने का बोध हो उन्हें निषेधात्मक वाक्य कहते है।

जैसे- “आज वर्षा नही होगी।”

     “मैं खाना नहीं खाऊँगा।”

(iii) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य:–

वे वाक्य जिनमें प्रश्न पूछने का भाव प्रकट हो, प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य कहलाते है।

जैसे- “राम ने रावण को क्यों मारा?”

        “तुम कहाँ रहते हो ?”

(iv) आज्ञावाचक वाक्य :-

जिन वाक्यों से आज्ञा प्रार्थना, उपदेश आदि का ज्ञान होता है, उन्हें आज्ञावाचक वाक्य कहते है।

जैसे- “परिश्रम करोगे तो फल जरूरी मिलेगा।” 

        “बड़ों का सम्मान करो।”

(v) संकेतवाचक वाक्य:–

 जिन वाक्यों से शर्त्त (संकेत) का बोध होता है यानी एक क्रिया का होना दूसरी क्रिया पर निर्भर होता है, उन्हें संकेतवाचक वाक्य कहते है।

जैसे- “यदि परिश्रम करोगे तो अवश्य सफल होंगे।”

      “अगर वर्षा होगी तो फसल भी होगी।”

(vi)विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य:–

जिन वाक्यों में आश्चर्य, शोक, घृणा आदि का भाव ज्ञात हो उन्हें विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य कहते है।

जैसे- “वाह! तुम आ गए।”

“हाय! मैं लुट गया।”

(vii) विधानवाचक वाक्य:-

 जिन वाक्यों में क्रिया के करने या होने की सूचना मिले, उन्हें विधानवाचक वाक्य कहते है।

जैसे- “वह दौड़ रहा है।”

     “राम पढ़ रहा है।”

(viii) इच्छावाचक वाक्य:- 

जिन वाक्यों से इच्छा, आशीष एवं शुभकामना आदि का ज्ञान होता है, उन्हें इच्छावाचक वाक्य कहते है।

जैसे- “आज तो मैं केवल फल खाऊँगा।”

        “भगवान तुम्हें लंबी उमर दे।”

अधिकतर पूछे गए प्रश्न

1)वाक्य विचार किसे कहते है?

उत्तर: वह शब्द समूह जिससे पूरी बात समझ में आ जाए, ‘वाक्य’ कहलाता है।

विचार को पूर्णता से प्रकट करने वाली एक क्रिया से युक्त पद-समूह को ‘वाक्य’ कहते हैं।

2)वाक्य के कितने भाग है?

उत्तर: वाक्य के दो भाग होते है-

(1)उद्देश्य

(2)विद्येय 

3)वाक्य के कितने भेद है?

उत्तर: वाक्य के दो भेद है-

1) रचना के आधार पर

2) वाक्य के आधार पर

4)”छी! कितनी गंदगी है!”

दी गई पंक्ति में कौन-सा वाक्य है?

उत्तर: दी गई पंक्ति में विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य है क्योंकि इसमें घृणा का भाव दिखाई दे रहा है।

5) “तुम यहाँ क्यों आए हो?”

इस पंक्ति में कौन सा वाक्य है?

उत्तर: इस वाक्य में प्रश्न पूछा गया है, इसलिए इस वाक्य में प्रश्न बोधक वाक्य है।

Introduction

This poem is based on Greek mythology and the subject of this poem is the idea that beauty may be found anywhere and, when acknowledged, can be used to uplift one’s spirits under difficult circumstances. 

Beautiful Flowers

Summary of the Poem

John Keats, a well-known poet, wrote A Thing of Beauty. The poet also asserts that a beautiful item may make us feel extraordinarily happy and delighted. A lovely thing also resembles a cool shelter that provides us with a restful night’s sleep full of pleasant dreams. 

People have an affinity to material goods, according to the author. Our ties to the material world resemble a floral wreath. They are snares that tie us to transient pleasures and prevent us from experiencing ultimate delight. 

The poet enumerates a few of the lovely things that are all around us. Beauty, as they say, is in the eye of the beholder. He claims that the natural beauties all around us are the many creations of God, such as the Sun, which provides us with energy, the Moon’s splendour, and the Trees, which provide us with shade. In the sweltering summer months, the water’s flowing streams cool and revitalise us. The woodlands that are covered in lovely musk rose blooms are a sight to see.  

These lovely things resemble an immortality-granting source that God has placed upon us as a gift and a blessing. 

Extra information about the Poem

As we go deeper into A Thing of Beauty’s explanation, we discover that the poet mentions legends of powerful warriors who lost their lives for their country’s advantage or other good objectives. That appeals to him as well. A purpose to life may be found in the lovely things, which are comparable to the nectar since they are full of immortality. 

Conclusion

The summary of A Thing of Beauty explains the importance of cherishing the lovely things that surround us. Beauty is an infinite source of nectar, a lovely tonic or beverage. Every beautiful object is worth keeping since they bring us enduring delight and create a lasting impression on our brains and life.

Textbook Question and Answers

1. List the things of beauty mentioned in the poem.

Ans: Everything in nature is aesthetically pleasing and enjoyable. The moon, the sun, the ancient and young trees, the daffodil blossoms, the little streams with pure water, the mass of ferns, and the flowering musk roses are a few of them. 

2. List the things that cause suffering and pain.

Ans: There are several things that harm and hurt us. “The main causes of human sorrow are resentment and malice,” said Albert Einstein. The absence of noble traits is another. Our bad and unhealthy habits also produce a great deal of problems and misery. 

3. What does the line, ‘Therefore are we wreathing a flowery band to bind us to earth’ suggest to you?

Ans: Keats is a fan of aesthetics. He makes use of his senses to find beauty. Man and nature have always been intertwined. The things that are attractive resemble floral wreaths. Every day, we appear to construct a floral band. It keeps us connected to the natural wonders of this planet.

4. What makes human beings love life in spite of troubles and sufferings?

Ans: There are several factors that cause us to struggle and have problems. They lower our mood. In spite of such horrible occurrences, however, “some shape of beauty” infuses love and happiness into our life. A beautiful item lifts the gloom of sorrow and pain. 

5. Why is ‘grandeur’ associated with the ‘mighty dead’?

Ans: During their respective eras, the great dead were incredibly strong and tyrannical individuals. These accomplishments made them ‘mighty’ and ‘great. As a result, the “powerful dead” are linked to “grandeur.”

6. Do we experience things of beauty only for short moments or do they make a lasting impression on us?

Ans: We experience happiness when we interact with beautiful things. They leave us with a lasting impression. A beautiful object brings delight forever. It is a never-ending source of happiness and will not vanish into oblivion. It lifts the cloud of melancholy that hangs over our gloomy spirits.

7, What image does the poet use to describe the beautiful bounty of the earth?

Ans: John Keats employs a really lovely metaphor to illustrate the exquisite riches of the planet. It is the never-ending fountain of eternal liquid. It continuously pours from above into our souls. As a result, the lovely gifts of the land are referred to as “an infinite fountain of everlasting drink.”

A Thing of Beauty Important Extract Questions

1. How are the “powerful dead” lovely?

Ans: The expression “the powerful dead” alludes to those who came before us. The magnificent stories of our ancestors inspire us, fill us with joy, and fill us with pride.

2. What function do beautiful objects serve in helping us lead happy lives?

Ans: The enduring imprint that beautiful objects leave on our minds is a continual source of delight. When we gaze at them, we feel reassured and joyful. 

3. What are the factors that bring about human misery, grief, and suffering?

Ans: The source of all of man’s problems is him, the individual. We foster negative behaviours. All of these factors cause man to experience misery, grief, and suffering.

Introduction

The major theme of the poem “Aunt Jennifer’s Tiger reflects the the different brutalities and the struggle confronted by the Women of our society. The poetess depicted using some powerful words that how Women in a patriarchal society is being subdued with the responsibilities of their family thereby snatching away their freedom of living and are tyrannically exploited by the men.

Summary of the Poem

The main protagonist of this poem “Aunt Jennifer” have delineated a fearless society for Women through her embroidery skills.In the First stanza she has tried to portray by weaving tigers with the ivory needles. According to the poetess the Tigers were bright golden in colour and were dwelling green dense forests. The Tigers are here are definitely not a real one but an inner reflection of the poetic mind which represents Aunt Jennifer herself, her desire to be free and bold just like them.

In the second stanza she continues to weave beautiful and elegant Tigers with wool bearing the power of confidence with the ivory needle. But sometimes her hands shook as she was really outraged by the oppressive patriarchal society in which she was living. She was probably a bit scared of her father.

In the last stanza Aunt Jennifer was so depressed and anxious that her hands were wagging and she could not take the needle out of that beautiful crochet. Her wedding ring suddenly became an unnecessary burden filled with marital responsibilities which she has been doing since ages and probably she was bogged down by the dominance posed by her husband. But the beautiful Tigers created by Aunt Jennifer will be a memoir of a proud, confident and prerogative women that was portrayed by Aunt Jennifer as a self reflection.

About the poet

Adrienne Rich was a popular poet, essayist and an active feminist from USA. She own to be the most influential and popular poets in the middle of the 20th century. She used to actively participate in the contemporary women’s movement as a theorist and poet as well. Her work portrayed glimpses of strong resistance towards military culture and racism.

Conclusion

The poem conveyed a very strong message through the beautiful Tigers weaved by Aunt Jennifer about the freedom and independence of women in today’s society. The imaginary Tigers impacted by her depicted the subdued desire of Aunt Jennifer which she wished if she could owe it. But unfortunately she was entrapped in the cobwebs of the patriarchal society ,with the entanglement of the complex marital responsibilities.

 Question Answers

1. What does the word “Ordeals” depict in this poem?

Ans: The “ordeals” clearly depicts the different complexities posed by the marital responsibilities of Aunt Jennifer herself and also she has tried to portray that every woman has to be oppressed by bearing these responsibilities through their entire life.

2. Why did Aunt Jennier use Tigers as metaphors to depict her own desires?

Ans: The Tigers are fearless and strong and they rule the jungle.Hence the poetess wanted to weave Tigers who were prancing upon the dense green forests thereby exhibiting her subdued desire to be free and confident like them.They can be the memoir of a confidence and fierceness in a patriarchal society.

3.What are the different symbols used in this poem as metaphor to describe the difficulties faced by every Women of the society?

Ans: A lot of metaphors have been used in this poem as a symbol of anti feministic society-”ordeals,which means the different marital responsibilities,”Ringed”,which described the compulsory bondage that every Women have to pursue for the sake of their family to represent the every odds and turbulences she had faced and succumbed during her entire marital life.

4.Did the poet sympathise with Aunt Jennifer?

Ans: The poet sympathised with Aunt Jennifer as she  experienced  quite a lot of hardships  through her married life. The attitude of the poet towards Aunt Jenniferwas highly sympathetic as the poet depicted many suggestive imaginary symbols like “Tigers” to present a Woman who went through so many harsh experiences as well as unpleasant and terrifying periods during her married life.

Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Class 12 Important Questions

1.  Why did Aunt Jennifer create the images of Tigers in her crochet?

Ans: Aunt Jennifer’s tigers were created by herself. The Tigers are fearless and strong and they rule the jungle. Hence the poetess wanted to weave Tigers who were prancing upon the dense green forests thereby exhibiting her subdued desire to be free and confident like them.

2. Did Aunt Jennifer face any difficulty while making the Tigers?

Ans: Aunt Jennifer continues to weave beautiful and elegant Tigers with wool bearing the power of confidence with the ivory needle.But sometimes her hands shook as she was really outraged by the oppressive patriarchal society in which she was living.She was probably a bit scared of her father.

3. Why does the Ring seem heavy on Aunt Jennifers’s hands?

Ans: Aunt Jennifer’s wedding ring suddenly became an unnecessary burden filled with marital responsibilities which she has been doing since ages and probably she was bogged down by the dominance posed by her husband. But the beautiful Tigers created by Aunt Jennifer will be a memoir of a proud,confident and prerogative women that was portrayed by Aunt Jennifer as a self reflection.

4.After Aunt Jennifer’s death what will be the fate of Tigers weaved?

Ans: Aunt Jennifer’s creation is a wonderful piece of art and it will remain immortal in all our hearts as the Tigers will keep on prancing selflessly  and fearlessly over the dense green forests. They will certainly sportray the deep desires of Aunt Jennifer of becoming an independent Women.

Introduction

In “Patterns of Creativity,” S. Chandrasekhar seeks to address the following question: “Why do creative professionals in the arts and sciences have such divergent creative styles?” Assorted comments and outlined philosophies constitute the response.

Shelly is on the side of science, whereas Wordsworth and Keats gave opposing viewpoints. Finally, a passage from Shelley’s A Defence of Poetry is provided, in which the poet wonders why scientists have not penned their own Defense of Science.

Summary

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar examines the distinctions it saw in ideology between the three artists.  He comments that Wordsworth draws his perusers’ consideration towards Nature, and Keats discusses the double feature of human instinct, which is indivisible. Conversely, Shelley presents something else entirely of science in his sonnets. Wordsworth and Keats were condemning the double-dealing of nature, though Shelley delighted in logical revelations. Chandrasekhar additionally presents the logical reactions of these artists in the article.

 Creative mind

He cites Lowes Dickison’s comment on writing, which expresses that Science removes Writing and presents the counter-contention made by Peter Medawar. Chandrasekhar considers Shelley generally reasonable to be thought of as a “scientist’s poet” as his works mirror an agreeable blend of science and verse. He brings up in his exposition that “it’s anything but a mishap that the most segregating artistic analysis” of Shelley’s works is by the recognized researcher Desmond Ruler Hele. In his exposition, Chandrasekhar quotes Darwin’s explanation that he partook in Shelley’s verse to feature Shelley as a “scientist’s poet.” Chandrasekhar has cited a few works of Shelley, including the sonnet “The Cloud”, essay ‘A Defence of Poetry’ and the play ‘Prometheus Unbound’ to additionally lay out his point in the exposition.

Conclusion

This essay is a beautiful portrayal of two parallel worlds and how they coincide and comment on each other yet beautifully work in their domains.

Textbook Question and Answers

1.How does Shelley’s attitude to science differ from that of Wordsworth and Keats?

Ans. In a poet’s Epitaph, Wordworth was both appraising nature and renouncing the scientific developments happening. In Lamia, Keats approves that scientific developments are unfavourable. Both were sceptical about scientific development. Keats called both philosophy and pleasure destructive and real and inseparable. For Shelley, science presented joy, peace and illumination.

2. ‘It is not an accident that the most discriminating literary criticism of Shelley’s thought and work is by a distinguished scientist, Desmond King-Hele.’ How does this statement bring out the meeting point of poetry and science?

Ans.  Desmond King-Hele Criticism highlights how Shelley is a scientist poet. Shelley’s attitude to science shows the astonishing modern general belief in which he chose to reside. The way he portrays both science and poetry in his work is unprecedented.

3. What do you infer from Darwin’s comment on his indifference to literature as he advanced in years? 

Ans. For the initial 30 years of his life, he enjoyed the beautiful portrayal of words by Shakespeare, Byron, etc. These poems delighted him and provided satisfaction to his soul and mind. But after crossing 30 years he began losing interest and found them dull and nauseated. His own words were that his mind became a grinding machine which used to search for science everywhere. So this way his love for poetry faded away

4. How do the patterns of creativity displayed by scientists differ from those displayed by poets? 

Ans. Poets believe in exploring the nature around humans and how it adds to the beauty everywhere and how science helps us in creating things which make life easier. Wordsworth and Keat consider science as nature’s destroyer whereas Shelley’s work shows how he triumphs over science and its work.

5. What is the central argument of the speaker? 

Ans. S. Chandrasekhar tries to answer the question ‘Why is there a difference in the patterns of creativity among the practitioners in the arts and the practitioners in the sciences.’ He did not answer it in his words but rather paved the way to get to the answer. The response is offered through different philosophies.  How Keats and Wordsworth were sceptical of the scientific approach and Shelley was its praiser. An extract from Shelley’s  ‘A Defence of Poetry’ is evident why no defence of science was written by a scientist.

Extra Questions

Q1. How do major scientists present their viewpoints? 

Ans. Before he reached the age of 30, Darwin took great pleasure in writing in addition to his studies. Another scientist, Faraday, joined his logical power experiments and resultant inventions. It’s challenging to complete even if you’re a competent researcher or writer. Many scientists and authors have a passion for poetry, and vice versa. But, there will be a few more who care just about their pet issue.

2. What question does the creator have? How can he intend to respond to this question?

Ans. The narrator makes an inquiry concerning why the examples of imagination among specialists in human expression and professionals in the sciences are differentiating and doesn’t want to respond to it right away yet to make a variety of comments that could offer him a response.

3. What is the main point that the author intends to make?

Ans. The discussion moves to a dissection of the differences between scientific and poetic imagination. He claims that many of the most sincere authors, such as Wordsworth and Keats, were actually harmful to science. They believe that science destroys all of nature’s beauty. Yet, the author defends Shelley’s views. Shelley was considered to be a very rational author. Shelley paints a realistic picture of nature’s tools. Shelley successfully blended scientific inquiry with poetic imagery in his writing. Shelley’s poem Cloud has several allusions to events when his experimentation was readily apparent. By using Shelley as an example, the author aims to show that academics and creatives may be allies who complement one another.

Introduction

The human problems are discussed in a subtle manner in the tutorial. Humans’ warm words and deeds are propelled by an invisible force; we may call it emotion. In this way, we are aided in keeping on with our lives. Powers such as wealth, popularity, and influence are discussed along with many more. But, for many people, the simple things mean more.

Bertrand Russell 

Summary

Love, knowledge, and anguish over the plight of humanity are the three primary topics covered in “Three Interests I Have Lived For.” During the course of his life, the inventor experiments with what each of these things means to him, ultimately revealing that the one he craves most is love. The author believes love to be a marvellous and magnificent phenomenon that has the power to violate him with euphoria.

Bertrand’s lonely thoughts can be banished thanks to his loved ones’ devotion. Bertrand’s pain in the chest can be alleviated by the love of those around him. It was the sensation of love that would eventually take him to heaven.

Know-how, according to Bertrand, is the second component. He has an insatiable curiosity in people’s innermost thoughts and wants to know why the stars shine so brightly in the night sky. He wants very much to learn everything there is to know about the Earth.

Having sought both love and knowledge, Bertrand claims that it is compassion that brings him back to earth just as he is about to arrive in heaven. The impact of harmful things on humans must feel lonely and dismal since they are meant to be people.

Bertrand, motivated by his admiration and his need for knowledge, investigates the factors that make a trusting lifestyle possible. Bertrand has the courage to face his past and make peace with it. He suffers from life’s misfortunes since he is aware that he is helpless against them.

Conclusion

There are many things in human existence that are soul-nourishing, and just as many things that are soul-crushing, showing us the opposite side of the same coin. It’s on us to figure out which values and motivations will guide our daily actions.

Textbook Question and Answers

1. Why does Russell call the three passions ‘simple’?

Ans. Bertrand didn’t want cash and popularity, he wanted simple things. He wanted affection. He accepted love was the main thing and he wedded multiple times to tell. The second is yearning for information, he was a mathematician continuously searching for new things to learn. The third is an insufferable pity for humankind. He was thoughtful towards human affliction.

2. Why has he compared the three passions to great winds?

Ans. Like wind is a driving force in nature, in the same way, passion is in our lives. The three enthusiasms significant in his life were love, information, and pity for human existence. The initial two characteristics raise him to paradise and the third quality takes him back to the land. 

3. What, according to Russell, is the importance of love in life?

Ans. Russell accepts that adoration brings rapture into his life. Love can make a paradise on earth. It has an extraordinary ability to impact your general surroundings. The satisfaction that adoration brings is the best of all; nothing can match that bliss. Love lets one free from forlornness and puts another otherworldly aspect to life. 

4. How does Russell’s definition of knowledge differ from what is commonly understood by the term? 

Ans. He continually looks for information to broaden his area of interest. He was the person who gave the world the Pythagorean hypothesis, it is quite possibly the main equation. He believed he accepted not as much as what he had focused on.

5. Why is the quality of pity earth-bound while the other two passions are elevating? 

Ans. The two energies, love and eagerness to learn, raised him to paradise. However, the third enthusiasm for pity for human suffering brought him back to the bottom. All the misery and sobbing for help and starvation constrained him to get once again to the earth. He was against the universal conflict as it brought obliteration and powerlessness. He longed for an idealistic world, an ideal reality where people live as a unified whole with practically no torment and illnesses.

6. How have the three passions contributed to the quality of Russell’s life?

Ans. The three interests in Russell’s life contributed hugely to its making. He found his life worth experiencing and had he been given an opportunity; he would have lived it once more. It was interesting as well as the three imperative ethics administering his life. These gave him bearings and were behind the entirety of his activities. Bertrand Russell trusted in affection, and information and felt sorry for them. Whether it was the suffering of women, children, poverty, hatred, or loneliness, the author felt the urge to work to get rid of them.

Extra Questions

1. What do we expect from life?

Ans. Since we believe that only wonderful things may improve our lives, we tend to ignore the fact that it is through the inevitable lows that we develop the resilience, perseverance, and compassion that are essential for making it through this world.

2. What kind of thing should a human existence be about?

Ans. Happiness and contentment were the uncomplicated results of pursuing love and learning. They, too, were on the road that leads to heaven. The narrator, though, always brought compassion back to the ground. The narrator feels the echoes of cries of horrific pain.

3. How do the interests influence the storyteller’s life?

Ans. According to the narrator, love is the key to reviving happiness. Because of his level of education, he was able to understand people and their stories. I feel bad that he had to learn the hard lessons of people’s annoying needs and the despair that comes with them. These pursuits gave him insight into what really mattered in life and helped direct him in a deliberate direction.

Introduction

Anemia is a type of  blood disorder by which millions of people are affected  worldwide. It is caused due to lack of enough red blood cells or hemoglobin, that are responsible for carrying oxygen from your lungs to your body’s tissues. Many factors can lead to Anemia , such as iron deficiency, chronic diseases, genetic disorders, and certain medications. It is important to diagnose and treat anemia promptly to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

What Is Anemia?

Anemia occurs when the body lacks enough red blood cells or due to their lack functioning . Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds with oxygen and carries it to the body’s tissues. Due to not having enough red blood cells or hemoglobin, it can’t get enough oxygen, and this leads to anemia. If you have anemia, your body won’t get enough oxygen, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms.

Blood cell count comparison of normal and anemia caused human

Symptoms

Some common symptoms of anemia include:

• Fatigue and weakness: You may feel tired and weak even after getting enough rest and sleep.
• Shortness of breath: You may feel out of breath or have trouble breathing, especially when you exercise or climb stairs.
• Dizziness and lightheadedness: You may feel dizzy or faint, especially when you stand up too quickly.
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat: Your heart may beat faster or irregularly than usual.
• Pale skin and gums: Your skin and gums may appear pale, especially around the eyes, lips, and nail beds.
• Cold hands and feet: Your hands and feet may feel cold and numb, even in warm weather.
• Headaches: You may experience frequent headaches or migraines.
• Chest pain: You may feel chest pain or tightness, especially during physical activity.

Symptoms occurs  due to anemia

Causes of Anemia

Variety of factors can cause anemia including:

• Deficiency of iron: Iron is an essential nutrient that your body needs to produce hemoglobin. Due to lack of enough iron from your diet, you may develop iron-deficiency anemia.
• Vitamin deficiency: Vitamins like vitamin B12 and folate are crucial for the production of red blood cells. Deficiency these vitamins from your diet, may develop vitamin-deficiency anemia.
• Chronic diseases: Chronic diseases like kidney disease, cancer, and HIV/AIDS can affect the production of red blood cells and cause anemia.
• Pregnancy: Pregnant women are at a higher risk of developing anemia due to the increased demand for iron and other nutrients.

Types of anemia

There are several types of anemia, including:

1. Anemia with Iron-deficiency anemia: It occurs due to not having enough iron to make hemoglobin. Iron is essential for the production of red blood cells. It is the most common type of anemia
2. Vitamin-deficiency anemia: when there is a deficiency of certain vitamins, like vitamin B12 or folate. Thus vitamins are crucial for the production of red blood cells.
3. Aplastic anemia: when the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
4. Sickle cell anemia: This is an inherited form of anemia in which the red blood cells are abnormally shaped and do not carry oxygen properly.
5. Thalassemia: This is an inherited form of anemia that affects the production of hemoglobin in the body.
6. Pernicious anemia: The body is unable to absorb vitamin B12 properly. This can be caused by an autoimmune disorder or damage to the stomach lining.
7. Hemolytic anemia: In this red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be produced. This can be caused by an autoimmune disorder or an inherited condition.

Treatment Options for Anemia

Some common treatment options for anemia include:

• Iron supplements: If you have iron-deficiency anemia, your doctor may prescribe iron supplements helps to maintain the iron levels.
• Vitamin supplements: If you have vitamin-deficiency anemia, your doctor may prescribe vitamin supplements to increase your vitamin levels.
• Blood transfusions: In severe cases of anemia, you may need a blood transfusion to replace the lost red blood cells.
• Medications: Your doctor may prescribe medications to treat the underlying condition that is causing your anemia.

Prevention of Anemia

Anemia can be prevented by many ways, including:

• Eating a balanced diet: Make sure you eat a diet rich in iron, vitamin B12, and folate.
• Taking supplements: If you’re at risk of developing anemia, consider taking iron or vitamin supplements.
• Managing chronic diseases: If you have a chronic disease, work with your doctor to manage it effectively.
• Getting regular check-ups: Regular blood tests can help detect anemia early and prevent it from getting worse.

Summary

Anemia is a disorder that can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. It is occurs due to a low red blood cell count or insufficient hemoglobin in the blood. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of anemia, and prevention strategies include eating a balanced diet, taking supplements, managing chronic diseases, and getting regular check-ups.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the effect of anemia on newborns and children?

Iron deficiency and subsequent anemia in newborns and children can cause cognitive and psychomotor development delays.

2. Can anemia be cured?

Yes, anemia can be cured in most cases. Treatment options relies on the underlying cause of anemia this may include, vitamin supplements, iron supplements, blood transfusions, and medications.

3. Who is at risk of developing anemia?

Anyone can develop anemia, but certain factors may increase your risk, such as a poor diet, chronic diseases, pregnancy, and family history of anemia.

Introduction 

Hormones are chemical messengers in the communication system that regulate a variety of processes. Hormones are injected into the bloodstream and transported to distant target areas to demonstrate their effects. Sex hormones are defined as substances that help an organism’s sexual growth and development. Androgens are a steroid class of sex hormones that aid in puberty and have some somatic effects.

What is Androgen Hormone?

Androgen hormone, also known as testosterone, is a steroid hormone that is responsible for the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics. It is produced in the testes in males and in smaller amounts in the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. The hormone is crucial for the development of male reproductive organs, such as the testes, penis, and prostate gland.

Functions of Androgen hormone

Role of Androgen Hormone in Sexual Development

Androgen hormone plays a crucial role in the sexual development of males. During fetal development, it promotes the development of the male reproductive organs, including the testes and penis. After birth, the hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as increased muscle mass, body and facial hair, and a deeper voice. Androgen hormone also plays a role in the development of sexual desire and libido in both males and females.

Androgen Hormone and Reproduction

Androgen hormone plays an important role in the reproductive function of males. It is necessary for the production and maturation of sperm cells, and also stimulates the production of seminal fluid. The hormone is also responsible for maintaining the health of the male reproductive organs, including the testes, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles.

Androgen Hormone in Women

Although androgen hormone is primarily associated with male sexual development and function, it also plays a role in the sexual development and function of females. In females, the hormone is produced in the ovaries and adrenal glands and is important for the development of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, uterus, and vagina. Androgen hormone also contributes to the regulation of female libido and sexual function.

Androgen Hormone and Muscular Development

Androgen hormone plays a crucial role in the development of muscle mass and strength in both males and females. The hormone stimulates the growth and development of muscle cells and promotes protein synthesis. 

Various effects of  androgen on male body

Androgen production 

The primary androgen, testosterone, is produced from cholesterol in the testicular Leydig cells. Androgen is also produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands. The adrenal androgens androstenedione, DHEA, and DHEA-S are converted to testosterone in the skin, fat cells, muscle, and the brain.

Yet, in males, it is just a tiny contribution because the testes produce the majority of androgen. Females have elevated levels of adrenal androgens due to the absence of testes.

Males first release testosterone throughout the early months of intrauterine life to differentiate the male genital tract. After puberty, testosterone production continues indefinitely. The pituitary gland’s leutinizing hormone (LH) regulates testosterone release in the testes.

Various natural androgen 

Causes of androgen deficiency in men and women

Androgen deficiency is a medical condition that occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough androgen hormone, which can have negative impacts on various bodily functions. Both men and women can experience androgen deficiency, and the causes may differ between the two.

Causes of Androgen Deficiency in Men

1. Aging: As men age, their natural production of androgen hormone decreases, leading to a gradual decline in hormone levels.
2. Testicular dysfunction: Any damage or disease that affects the testicles, such as trauma, infection, or cancer, can disrupt the production of androgen hormone.
3. Hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction: The hypothalamus and pituitary gland play a crucial role in the production and regulation of androgen hormone. Dysfunction in these areas can lead to a decrease in hormone production.
4. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic disorders, such as Klinefelter syndrome, can cause androgen deficiency in men.
5. Certain medications: Some medications, such as opioids, glucocorticoids, and antipsychotics, can interfere with the production of androgen hormone in men.

Causes of Androgen Deficiency in Women

1. Ovarian dysfunction: The ovaries are the primary source of androgen hormone in women. Any damage or disease that affects the ovaries, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), can disrupt the production of androgen hormone.
2. Aging: As women age, their natural production of androgen hormone decreases, leading to a gradual decline in hormone levels.
3. Adrenal dysfunction: The adrenal glands also produce androgen hormone in women. Dysfunction in these glands can lead to a decrease in hormone production.
4. Hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction: As with men, dysfunction in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland can also cause androgen deficiency in women.
5. Certain medications: Some medications, such as oral contraceptives and antiandrogens, can interfere with the production of androgen hormone in women.

Androgen deficiency treatment

Hormonal treatment is used to address androgen shortage. Before starting hormone therapy, patients with symptoms of androgen deficit are evaluated with Total testosterone.

Testosterone can be administered topically as a gel or intranasally, or orally or subcutaneously, or via injection. Yet, the widely available testosterone in markets for girls is at a larger dose than that prescribed for males. As a result, the treatment has numerous negative effects.

Summary

Androgens are responsible for the development of male sexual traits, while in females, they are precursors for oestrogen, which keeps the reproductive system healthy. Androgens have major somatic effects, such as influencing bone density, in addition to supporting the reproductive system. Androgens are released by the testes and ovaries in response to leutinizing hormone. Adrenal glands also secrete androgens, which are regulated by adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Raised or lowered androgen levels can have major consequences for human life. Androgen deficiency is addressed with hormone treatment, which may have negative effects.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are anabolic steroids?

Anabolic steroids are synthetic steroids used for muscular growth and development. These are often testosterone derivatives with bodybuilding potential that are used by sportsmen and bodybuilders.

2. What happens when a woman has too much androgen?

Ovarian overproduction of androgens is a condition in which the ovaries produce excessive amounts of testosterone. This results in a lady developing male characteristics. Androgens from other places of the body can also lead females to develop male traits.

3. Does stress cause a rise in androgen?

Prolonged stress raises ACTH levels, which promote testosterone release with no negative feedback loop. Androgen hormones shield the body from the long-term effects of chronically increased stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline.

Introduction

Anatomy and physiology are two closely related fields of study that are concerned with understanding the structure and function of the human body. Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the body, including the examination of its organs, tissues, and cells. Physiology, on the other hand, is the study of the functions and processes of the body, including the way in which the body’s organs and systems work together to maintain homeostasis. It involves the study of the mechanisms that regulate bodily functions, such as circulation, respiration, digestion, and excretion.

What do you understand by Human Anatomy?

Human anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the human body. It involves the examination and analysis of the various organs, tissues, and systems that make up the human body, as well as the relationships between them.

Anatomy can also be classified into two types based on the level of organization that is being studied:

1. Microscopic Anatomy or Histology: It involves the use of microscopes to study the details of cells and tissues, including their structures and functions.
2. Anatomy or Gross Anatomy: It involves the study of the body’s organs, systems, and structures in their entirety, and their functions as a whole.

Various organ studied in human anatomy 

What is Human physiology?

Human physiology involves the study of the structure and function of individual organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys, as well as the interactions between them. This includes the study of the mechanisms of circulation, respiration, digestion, and excretion, as well as the regulation of body temperature, fluid balance, and acid-base balance.

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. It is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through the arteries, which carry oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues. The veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, where it is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated again.

Respiratory system

The respiratory system is responsible for exchanging gases between the body and the environment. It is composed of the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. When we inhale, air enters through the nose and travels down the trachea and bronchi into the lungs, where oxygen is transferred into the bloodstream. When we exhale, carbon dioxide is removed from the body.

Digestive system

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that the body can use for energy. It is composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. When we eat, food is chewed in the mouth and travels down the esophagus into the stomach, where it is mixed with stomach acid and digestive enzymes. From the stomach, the partially digested food travels to the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining waste travels to the large intestine, where water is reabsorbed and the waste is eliminated through the anus.

Reproductive System

The reproductive system is a collection of organs and tissues that are responsible for the production, transport, and fertilization of gametes, and the development and nurturing of offspring. The male and female reproductive systems have different structures and functions, but they work together to achieve sexual reproduction.

In males, the reproductive system consists of the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, and penis. Sperm is produced in the testes and transported through the vas deferens to the urethra, where it is expelled during ejaculation.

In females, the reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries produce and release eggs, which are transported to the uterus through the fallopian tubes. If fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg implants in the uterus and develops into a fetus.

Nervous System

The nervous system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that control and coordinate the functions of the body. It is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which receive and process information from the body and send out signals to control its functions. The PNS consists of nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS, which transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.

The nervous system is responsible for a wide range of functions, including sensory perception, movement, thought, and emotion. It is involved in both voluntary and involuntary actions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.

Urinary System

The urinary system, also known as the renal system, is responsible for the production, storage, and elimination of urine. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that filter waste products from the blood and produce urine. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters, where it is stored until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra.

The urinary system plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the balance of water, electrolytes, and acids in the body. It also helps to eliminate metabolic waste products and foreign substances from the body.

Different type of system in human body 

Immune system

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against foreign invaders such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. It is responsible for identifying and eliminating these threats, as well as recognizing and removing abnormal cells within the body.

The immune system is divided into two main categories: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system.

Human immune system 

Summary

Anatomy and physiology are two closely related fields of study that are concerned with understanding the structure and function of the human body. Overall, anatomy and physiology are fundamental and complementary fields of study that are essential for understanding the structure and function of the human body. They are necessary for a range of practical applications, from medical diagnosis and treatment to the development of new therapies and treatments. 

 

Frequently Asked Question

1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the body, while physiology is the study of the functions and processes that occur within the body. Anatomy deals with the form, arrangement, and relationship of various body parts, while physiology is concerned with how these parts work together to maintain the body’s functions.

2. Why is it important to study anatomy and physiology?

Understanding anatomy and physiology is essential for healthcare professionals, as it helps them diagnose and treat diseases and conditions. It also helps individuals take better care of their health by providing them with knowledge of how their body works and how to maintain it.

3.  What are the main systems of the human body?

The main systems of the human body include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, urinary, and reproductive systems.

 

विशेषण एक विकारी शब्द है।  विशेषण संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्द को कहते है। यह शब्द संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की गुण, दोष, परिणाम और संख्या के आधार पर विशेषता बताता है। यह संज्ञा और सर्वनाम के महत्व को बढ़ा देता है।

उदाहरण-“राधा सुंदर है।” ( इसमें राधा की विशेषता सुंदर विशेषण के द्वारा बताई गई है।)

– “मोहन अच्छा गाता है।”

इस वाक्य में अच्छा विशेषण शब्द से मोहन के गाने की विशेषता बताई गई है, इसलिए इस वाक्य में ‘अच्छा’ विशेषण है।

विशेषण में वाक्य के दो भाग होते हैं।

पहला संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताने वाले को विशेषण कहते है तथा दूसरा वाक्य में जिस शब्द की विशेषता बताई जाती है उसे विशेष्य कहते है।

जैसे–: “सफेद हाथी’ ( इसमें सफेद विशेषण है और हाथी विशेष्य है क्योंकि हाथी की विशेषता बताई गई है।)

– “राकेश एक लंबा लड़का है।”

इस वाक्य में राकेश को विशेषता बताई गई है, इसलिए राकेश विशेष्य है और लंबा उसकी विशेषता है।

विशेषण के चार भेद होते है

1.गुणवाचक विशेषण

2.संख्यावाचक विशेषण

3.परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

4.सार्वनामिक विशेषण

1.गुणवाचक विशेषण

जिस शब्द से संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के गुण, रंग, रूप, अवस्था, स्थिति, गंध, स्वाद, दिशा, स्वभाव आदि के बारे में पता चलें उसे गुणवाचक सर्वनाम कहते है।

जैसे- “वह भला इंसान है।’ 

इसमें “इंसान” की स्वभाव का बोध होता है, इसलिए यह गुणवाचक विशेषण है।

-“राधा ने सभी से बडी नम्रता से बात की।’

 इसमें राधा के गुण के बारे में ज्ञान होता है, इसलिए यह गुणवाचक विशेषण है।

2.संख्यावाचक विशेषण

जिन शब्दों के द्वारा संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के संख्या संबंधी विशेषता का बोध होता है। उसे संख्यावाचक विशेषण कहते है।

उदाहरण: “कक्षा में तीस बच्चे है।”

इसमें बच्चो के संख्या (तीस) का बोध हो रहा है, इसलिए यह संख्यावाचक विशेषण है। 

‘मैदान में कुछ खिलाड़ी खेल रहे है।’

यहाँ पर खिलाड़ियों की संख्या (कुछ) का बोध हो रहा है, इसलिए यह संख्यावाचक विशेषण है।

संख्यावाचक विशेषण के दो भेद है

1)निश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण

2) अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण

1)निश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण

निश्चित संख्या वाचक विशेषण में संख्याओं का निश्चित ज्ञान होता है। संख्याओं का सटीक ज्ञान होता है। इसमें वाक्य में संख्या दी गई होती है।

जैसे-“मोहन दस दिन से स्कूल नहीं आ रहा है।”

यहाँ मोहन के स्कूल न आने के सटीक दिनों (दस) की जानकारी मिल रही है। इसलिए यह निश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण है।

-“मेरे पास तीन हजार पैसे है।”

इस वाक्य में पैसे की संख्या तीन हजार से निश्चित हो गई है, इसलिए इस वाक्य में निश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण है।

2) अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण

अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण में संख्याओं का निश्चित ज्ञान नही होता है। इसमें कुछ, थोड़ा आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है। इसमें वाक्य में कोई निश्चित संख्या नही दी होती है।

जैसे-“मोहन कुछ दिनों से स्कूल नहीं आ रहा है।”

इस वाक्य में मोहन के स्कूल आने के दिन निश्चित नहीं है, इसलिए इस वाक्य में अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण है।

-“मेरे पास हजार दो हजार पैसे है।”

इसमें पैसे की निश्चित संख्या नही दी गई है। इसलिए यह अनिश्चितसंख्या वाचक विशेषण है।

3.परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

वे शब्द जो विशेष्य की मात्रा का बोध करवाते है। उसे परिमाणवाचक विशेषण कहते है। मात्रा का बोध नाप, माप, और तौल के रूप में होता है। इसका विशेष्य द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा होती है। इसमें माप, तौल की इकाई दी जाती है।

उदाहरण-“पीने के लिए थोड़ा पानी दीजिए।”

 इसमें पानी के मात्रा( थोड़ा) का बोध कराया गया है, इसलिए यह परिमाणवाचक विशेषण है। इसमें विशेष्य पानी है।

-“एक लीटर तेल दीजिए।” 

इसमें तेल की मात्रा का बोध करवाया गया है, इसलिए यह परिमाणवाचक विशेषण है। इसमें विशेष्य तेल है।

परिमाणवाचक विशेषण के भेद

1)निश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

2)अनिश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

1)निश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

जो शब्द की पदार्थ और वस्तु की निश्चित मात्रा का बोध कराता है, उसे निश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण कहते है।

जैसे: दो मीटर कपङा

        पाँच लीटर तेल

     एक क्विंटल चावल आदि।

उदाहरण- “उसने एक गिलास पानी पिया।’

इस वाक्य में एक गिलास से पानी की मात्रा निश्चित की गई है, इसलिए इस वाक्य में निश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण है।

2)अनिश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

जो शब्द किसी पदार्थ या वस्तु की  निश्चित मात्रा का बोध नहीं कराता है, उसे अनिश्चितवाचक परिमाणवाचक विशेषण कहते है।

जैसे- सारा कपङा, कुछ लीटर तेल, थोड़े चावल

उदाहरण: “उसने थोड़ा सा पानी पिया।”

इस वाक्य में थोड़े पानी की बात की है, जिससे उसकी निश्चित मात्रा का बोध नहीं होता है, इसलिए इस वाक्य में अनिश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण है।

4. संकेतवाचक या सार्वनामिक विशेषण

वे विशेषण शब्द जो संज्ञा शब्द की ओर संकेत के माध्यम से विशेषता प्रकट करते है, संकेतवाचक विशेषण कहलाता है। चूँकि ये सर्वनाम शब्द होते हैं जो विशेषण की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं अतः इन्हें सार्वनामिक विशेषण भी कहते है।

उदाहरण: यह लड़की बुद्धिमान है। 

इसमें यह के द्वारा संकेत कर लड़की की विशेषता बताई है। इसलिए यह संकेतवाचक विशेषण है।

– मैं उस पेड़ के पास खड़ा था।

इस वाक्य में पेड़ की तरफ संकेत कर के बात कही गई है, इसलिए इस वाक्य में संकेतवाचक विशेषण है।

अधिकतर पूछें गए प्रश्न

1)विशेषण कितने प्रकार है?

उत्तर: विशेषण चार प्रकार के होते हैं। यह सभी गुण, संख्या, परिमाण और संकेत के द्वारा संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताते है।

1.गुणवाचक विशेषण

2.संख्यावाचक विशेषण

3.परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

4.सार्वनामिक / सांकेतिक विशेषण

2) दिए गए वाक्य में कौन सा विशेषण है।

      “मोहन वहाँ खड़ा है।”

उत्तर: मोहन वहाँ खड़ा है में संकेतवाचक विशेषण है, क्योंकि इसमें वहाँ शब्द के द्वारा मोहन के खड़े होने की तरफ संकेत किया गया है और उसकी विशेषता बताई गई है।

3) संख्यावाचक और परिमाणवाचक विशेषण में क्या अंतर है?

उत्तर: संख्यावाचक विशेषण में वस्तु या व्यक्ति के संख्या की गणना की जाती है यह गणना निश्चित और अनिश्चित दोनो हो सकती है तथा परिमाणवाचक विशेषण में पदार्थ का नाप-तौल किया जाता है। इसमें भी नाप-तोल निश्चित और अनिश्चित दोनों हो सकता है।

4)“खीर मीठी है।” वाक्य में कौन सा विशेषण है?

उत्तर: खीर मीठी है में गुणवाचक विशेषण है। क्योंकि इसमें खीर के गुण (मीठी) का बोध हो रहा है।

5) संख्यावाचक विशेषण के कितने भेद है?

उत्तर: संख्यावाचक विशेषण के दो भेद है।

      1)निश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण

     2) अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण

इन्हे भी पढ़िये

सर्वनाम	संज्ञा
प्रत्यय	अलंकार
वर्तनी	पद परिचय
वाक्य विचार	समास
लिंग	संधि
विराम चिन्ह	शब्द विचार
अव्यय	काल