Introduction

The -OH bond is present in the functional group of alcohols and phenols. Carbonyl compounds are another type of organic chemical that contain the C=O group. More than one class of chemical compounds has this cluster. Carbonyl compounds, which include aldehydes and ketones, are a class of organic molecules distinguished by the presence of a carbonyl group (>C=O). The group is attached to a Hydrogen atom in aldehydes. Lack of hydrogen allows the carbonyl group to be referred to as the ketonic group; this group is absent in ketones.

Whereas aromatic ketones have no alkyl groups, aliphatic ketones have from one to three. An aryl group must be present in at least one of them. Both families share a carbonyl group, which explains why their members are so similar in appearance and how they are prepared. Nevertheless, aldehydes and ketones have different reactivities because of the presence of a hydrogen atom in aldehydes against the absence of such an atom in ketones. Aldehydes and ketones are similar in that they are both highly reactive. Because of the carbonyl group’s reactivity as a polar, Pi ()-bonded carbonyl radical.

What are Alcohols?

For alcohols and phenols to develop, one or more hydrogen atoms must be exchanged from the original hydrocarbon. In regards to alcohols, the -OH is the hydroxyl group. A phenolic group resides in or is conjugated to a benzene ring. The alcohols do not allow for any search resonance. That’s why phenols are so acidic, whereas alcohols are so basic. Monohydric alcohols, or -OH alcohols, only have one hydroxyl (-OH) group.

In chemical notation, these are written as R-OH. Based on the characteristics of the carbon atoms with which the -OH group forms a bond, these are further classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) hydroxyl groups.

Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones

Method of Preparation of Aldehydes 

Aldehydes are the oxidation products of primary alcohols. The oxidation is normally carried with acidified \({{\bf{K}}_2}{\bf{C}}{{\bf{r}}_2}{{\bf{O}}_7}\) or aqueous/alkaline \({\bf{KMn}}{{\bf{o}}_4}\).

When Ethyl alcohol is reacted with alkaline \({{\bf{K}}_2}{\bf{C}}{{\bf{r}}_2}{{\bf{O}}_7}\) it immediately oxidised to Acetaldehyde and gives water.

\({\bf{C}}{{\bf{H}}_3}{\bf{C}}{{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{OH}} + {\rm{ }}{\bf{KMn}}{{\bf{O}}_4} \to {\bf{C}}{{\bf{H}}_3}{\bf{CHO}}{\rm{ }} + {{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{O}}\)

In case alcohols, particularly aromatic, have poor solubility in water, then a solution of chromic acid (\({{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{Cr}}{{\bf{O}}_4}\))  dissolved in acetone (\({{\bf{C}}_3}{{\bf{H}}_6}{\bf{O}}\)) can be used. This is known as Jones reagent.

\({{\bf{C}}_6}{{\bf{H}}_5} – {\bf{C}}{{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{OH}}{\rm{ }} + {{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{Cr}}{{\bf{O}}_4} + {{\bf{C}}_3}{{\bf{H}}_6}{\bf{O}} \to {{\bf{C}}_6}{{\bf{H}}_5} – {\bf{CHO}}{\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}{\bf{Water}}\)

Method of Preparation of Ketones

Ketones are products of oxidation of secondary alcohols. The oxidation is normally carried with acidified \({{\bf{K}}_2}{\bf{C}}{{\bf{r}}_2}{{\bf{O}}_7}\) or aqueous/alkaline \(\;{\bf{KMn}}{{\bf{o}}_4}\).

\({{\bf{C}}_2}{{\bf{H}}_6}{\bf{CHOH}} + {\rm{ }}{\bf{KMn}}{{\bf{O}}_4} \to {{\bf{C}}_2}{{\bf{H}}_6}{\bf{C}} = {\bf{O}}{\rm{ }} + {{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{O}}\)

Oxidation of secondary alcohols can also be done with the help of oppenaur oxidation in which the secretarial course is refluxed with excess acetone in the presence of aluminium tertiary butoxide in benzene or toluene solution. The secondary alcohol is oxidised to corresponding ketone while ketones simultaneously reduce to secondary alcohol.

Reduction of Alcohols

• Alkyl halides are best prepared from alcohols by replacing the group with halogen atom ().
• Alkyl chlorides or chloroalkanes are prepared by reacting in alcohol with a mixture of anhydrous and Hydrogen Chloride gas (mixture is called Lucas reagent). This is known as Groove’s process.

\({\bf{C}}{{\bf{H}}_3}{\bf{C}}{{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{OH}}{\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}{\bf{HCl}}\left( {\bf{g}} \right){\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}{\bf{Anhy}}{\rm{ }}{\bf{ZnC}}{{\bf{l}}_2} \to {\bf{C}}{{\bf{H}}_3}{\bf{C}}{{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{Cl}}{\rm{ }} + {{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{O}}\)

Identification Tests of Alcohols

Special tests are employed to detect alcohols and to determine their specific nature. These are described as follows.

Vector Meyer’s Test (Red blue Colourless Test)

The given alcohols are first converted to the alkyl iodide by reacting \(p/{I_2}\left( {p{I_3}} \right)\)The alkyl iodide is converted to the corresponding Nitro derivative with silver nitrite (\(AgN{O_2}\)). The Nitro derivative is then reacted with nitrous acid(\(NaN{O_2} + HCl\)) and the resulting solution is made alkaline.

• A blood red colouration indicates primary alcohol.
• A blue colouration indicates secondary alcohol
• A colourless solution represents tertiary alcohol

Lucas Reagent Test

This test is based on the reactivities of primary secondary and tertiary alcohols with Hydrochloric acid. The given alcohols are treated with Lucas reagent, which is an equal mixture of concentrated  and anhydrous \(ZnC{l_2}\) which is a dehydrating agent. The product is alkyl chloride or chloroalkane followed by white, turbidity or cloudiness.

\({\bf{Primary}},{\rm{ }}{\bf{Secondary}},{\rm{ }}{\bf{Tertiary}}{\rm{ }}{\bf{Alcohol}}{\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}{\bf{HCl}}{\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}{\bf{Anhy}}{\rm{ }}{\bf{ZnC}}{{\bf{l}}_2} \to {\bf{Alkyl}}{\rm{ }}{\bf{Chloride}}{\rm{ }} + {{\bf{H}}_2}{\bf{O}}\)

The time taken for the appearance of turbidity is different in the 3 types of alcohols and affords a method for their distinction.

1. If the turbidity appears immediately, alcohol is tertiary
2. If the turbidity appears after sometime, alcohol is secondary
3. In case the turbidity appears on heating, alcohol is primary

Summary

The alcohol and phenol functional groups both feature a -oH bond. Carbonyl compounds are another type of organic chemical that contain the >C=O group. More than one class of chemical compounds has this cluster. Carbonyl compounds, which include aldehydes and ketones, are a class of organic molecules distinguished by the presence of a carbonyl group (>C=O). The group is attached to a Hydrogen atom in aldehydes. There is no hydrogen atom in ketones, and the carbonyl group is sometimes referred to as the ketonic group.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the environmental impacts of the oxidation of alcohols?

Ans: Oxidation of alcohols makes heavy use of water resources. It needs resources like land and water in order to flourish. It occurs in high energy consumption factories. Creates waste that ends up in landfills because of packaging.

2. What is the role of a catalyst in the oxidation of alcohols?

Ans: Catalytic oxidation of alcohols is an essential process for energy conversion, production of fine chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates. It makes the process quick and increases yield.

3. Why we are unable to get aldehyde on reaction between primary alcohols and \({{\bf{K}}_2}{\bf{C}}{{\bf{r}}_2}{{\bf{O}}_7}\) ?

Ans: \({{\bf{K}}_2}{\bf{C}}{{\bf{r}}_2}{{\bf{O}}_7}\)  cannot be used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes. The oxidation will not stop at aldehyde stage. It will further continue to carboxylic acid.

Introduction

Alcohols and phenols are formed by replacing one old hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon. In the case of alcohols, the -OH is known as the hydroxyl group, while it is called the phenolic group. It is attached to a benzene ring. Since they have a common functional group, most of the characteristics of alcohols and phenols are expected to be the same. However, they do differ in many properties. It is primarily due to the reason that the phenolic group is involved in residence or conjugation with the benzene ring. While no search resonance is possible in alcohols. This makes phenols considerably acidic while alcohols hardly exhibit any acidic in nature. Members of both these families have analytical and industrial importance.

Structure of Alcohol

Alcohols which contain one -OH group that is monohydric compounds are also known as alcohols. These are represented by the formula R-OH These are additionally categorised as primary (1°), secondary (2°) and tertiary (3°) varying on the behaviour of the carbon atoms to which the -OH  group is bonded. For example,

Structure of Phenol

Phenols are aromatic compounds that contain one or more, -OH groups called phenolic groups that are attached directly to the ring. Phenols may be further classified as monohydric, dihydric, trihydric, etc, depending upon the number of -OH, groups bonded to the ring.

Monohydric phenols known as the parent or simplest member of the family with one -OH group attached to the ring are called phenol.

In dihydric phenolic compounds 2 -OH, groups are attached directly to the ring.

Trihydric phenols compounds are known in which 3 -OH groups are directly attached to the ring

Difference Between Hydroxyl and Alcohol

What is Hydroxyl?

The term hydroxyl is used to refer to the -OH radical. A functional group found in both organic and inorganic compounds is the hydroxyl group. The chemical formula for this compound is -OH. As a result, the hydroxyl group is made up of one hydrogen and one oxygen atom. The hydroxyl radical is extremely reactive and can initiate chemical reactions almost instantly. The Hydroxyl radical is the Hydroxide ion’s neutral form OH–. This hydroxyl radical has an unpaired electron, which results in the radical’s high reactivity.

What is the Relationship Between Hydroxyl and Alcohol?

Alcohols are composed of the  -OH  groups. These -OH groups behave as the functional group of alcohols. Consequently, the -OH group affects the physical and chemical properties of alcohols.

Because of -OH group presence alcohols tend to show some properties that are only because of the -OH group.

1. They are polar compounds directly because of the presence of -OH groups.
2. Alcohols are soluble in polar solvents.
3. Alcohols have the ability to form Hydrogen bonds.
4. Alcohols are soluble in water.
5. Alcohols tend to have higher boiling points than the equivalent alkanes because of the existence of these hydrogen bonds.

Summary

Alcohols and phenols are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons by -OH groups. In the case of alcohols, the -OH group is known as the hydroxyl group, while it is called the Phenolic group when connected to a benzene ring. Given that they have the same functional group, most of the properties of alcohols and phenols are believed to be similar. Nevertheless, they do not differ in many properties, it is mainly because of the explanation that the phenolic group is engaged in resonance or conjugation with the benzene ring. However, no such resonance is feasible in alcohols. This makes phenols significantly acidic, while alcohols barely demonstrate any acidic character. Members of both these families have analytical and industrial significance. Ethyl alcohol, commonly called alcohol, is a starting material for the manufacture of ether, chloroform, acetic acid, etc. It can also be used as a fuel for spirit lamps and stoves due to its highly combustible nature. But it’s important, is in its ability to act as a beverage in the form of beer, wine, whisky, Brandy, etc. phenol finds application in the synthesis of Bakelite, plastics, drugs, etc.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Out of Phenols and Alcohols, which one is more acidic in nature and why?

Phenols are more acidic in nature because of the explanation that the phenolic group is engaged in resonance or conjugation with the benzene ring. However, no such resonance is feasible in alcohols. This makes phenols significantly acidic, while alcohols barely demonstrate any acidic character.

2. Name the tests to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary  

    Alcohol?

In the chemical properties of alcohols, we have seen that the three types of alcohols differ in the nature of their products. However, they cannot be distinguished practically based on these characteristics. Special tests are employed for this purpose. These are described as follows.

Victor Meyer’s Test (Red-blue Colourless Test)

1. In this, a blood-red colouration indicates primary alcohol.
2. A blue colouration indicates secondary alcohol
3. A colourless solution represents tertiary alcohol

Lucas Reagent Test

1. If turbidity appears immediately, alcohol is tertiary
2. If turbidity appears after some time, alcohol is secondary
3. In case turbidity appears on heating, alcohol is primary

3. Describe Lucas Reagent test? Why is it important? What are its limitations?

This test is based on the reactivities of primary secondary and tertiary alcohols with Hydrochloric acid. The given alcohols are treated with Lucas reagent, which is an equal mixture of concentrated HCl and anhydrous \(ZnC{l_2}\), which is a dehydrating agent. The product is alkyl chloride or chloroalkane accompanied by white, turbidity or cloudiness.

The time taken for the appearance of turbidity is different in the 3 types of alcohols and affords a method for their distinction.

1. If the turbidity appears immediately, alcohol is tertiary
2. If the turbidity appears after sometime, alcohol is secondary
3. In case the turbidity appears on heating, alcohol is primary

Limitations of Lucas reagent.

Lucas reagent test is not applicable to the alcohols with 6 or more carbon atoms. As they are not water soluble, no reaction with Lucas reagent is possible.

4. Describe the physical properties of Phenols?

• State and smell. Phenols are either colourless crystalline solids or liquids. However, when exposed to the atmosphere, they become reddish or pinkish due to the formation of oxidation products. Phenols have a characteristic smell, known as phenolic smell. 
• Solubility. I like alcohol. Phenols are only sparingly soluble in water. They are also expected to form hydrogen bonding with water molecules due to the polar nature of the -OH group present. 
• Boiling points. Phenols are expected to have higher boiling points than expected from their molecule formula, mainly because of the polar nature of the -OH group. Thus, these are having higher boiling points than the aromatic hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses. 

5. What will happen when alcohol is oxidised?

Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehyde

Aldehydes are the oxidation products of primary alcohols.

Oxidation of secondary alcohols to Ketones

Ketones are products of oxidation of secondary alcohols.

Introduction

Astrophysics is a field of study focused on celestial objects such as the sun, comets, stars, asteroids, meteoroids, and galaxies. It aims to understand the birth, life, and death of stars. Asteroids are small objects orbiting the sun and most of them are floating in the portions of our solar system that lie between Mars and Jupiter. 

On the other hand, comets are made up of various elements covered with easily vaporizable substances like water, methane, and ammonia. Comets also orbit the sun in elliptical orbits which lie far away from the sun. As they approach closer to the sun, the materials on their surface vaporize and form a “tail” of sorts, which can be as long as 10,000 km. We also have meteoroids, which are partially burnt pieces of asteroids that fall down to Earth. 

What is Asteroid? 

Asteroids are small celestial bodies that orbit around the Sun and are typically found between Jupiter and Mars in what is known as the asteroid belt. Scientists estimate that this belt contains around 700,000 known asteroids of which only 1,600 orbit the Sun. Note that these are only the known asteroids and there might be several hundred thousand others as well. The asteroid Ceres, with a radius of about 700 km, is the largest asteroid in the belt and takes about four and a half years to orbit the Sun. Although asteroids exert a gravitational pull due to their large size, they lack an atmosphere. Their orbits can be influenced by the gravity of Jupiter or when they get close encounters with Mars. This can sometimes cause them to move out of the asteroid belt and into the orbits of other planets. The International Astronomical Union’s Committee on Small Body Nomenclature assigns names to asteroids.

An asteroid

Classification of Asteroids 

Asteroids have been classified into three groups based on their location in our solar system. Further, the composition of the asteroid may also be used as a criteria to classify the asteroids. For instance, C-type asteroids, which are the oldest ones known, are formed of silicate rock and clay and have a very dark appearance. They are also the most common ones. M-type asteroids are metallic and contain combinations of nickel and iron. Finally, S-type asteroids are formed of nickel-iron and silicate materials.

Types of Asteroid

Based on the location of the asteroids, we have: 

Main Asteroid Belt: An asteroid belt is a group of asteroids and there is one such belt in our solar system between Mars and Jupiter. 

Trojans: Sometimes, asteroids in the main belt can lose their orbit and get into orbit with another planet. They are known as Trojans and their orbits are characterised by two special points known as Lagrangian points.

Near-Earth Asteroids: These are asteroids whose orbits lie close to Earth’s orbit. Some of them can even cross the orbit and are then termed as earth-crossers.

Characteristics of Asteroids 

• Asteroids have no specific shape. They may be thought of as randomly shaped bodies with holes on the surface.
• They revolve around the sun in their orbits but their own revolution has no specific direction.
• Some asteroids may have one or even two small companion moons.

What is Meteoroid?

When a comet approaches the sun closely, it disintegrates into smaller fragments. While passing through Earth’s orbit, these fragments can get pulled into our gravitational pull and fall down. Before they enter the atmosphere, they are referred to as meteoroids. However, due to friction with the Earth’s atmosphere, most of these fragments burn up, causing what we know as meteor showers. In this stage, they are known as meteors. Sometimes, though, the fragments are large enough to survive the atmosphere and small pieces that remain after burning up fall down as meteorites.

 A meteorite

Composition of Meteoroid

Meteoroids are composed of silicates, oxygen, and a few heavy metals like iron and nickel. Meteoroids can get broken up into smaller fragments due to collision with other objects but generally, the composition remains the same.

Characteristics of Meteoroid

• Meteoroids generally are more dense than Earth’s rocks, owing to the iron and nickel content in them.
• There is a unique thumbprint-like shape of pits on most meteoroids, but they don’t have holes.
• They have random shapes and sizes.

Difference Between meteoroid, meteor, and comet

Summary

Asteroids are celestial objects that orbit the sun in a belt that is located between Mars and Jupiter. This belt consists of millions of asteroids. On the other hand, comets are composed of small, solid particles and covered with substances such as water, methane, and ammonia. When a comet breaks apart and falls on Earth, it’s called a meteoroid. The surfaces of celestial objects like the moon, Mercury, and Mars have craters because of meteoroid impacts. Meteoroids can also be formed by the collision of two asteroids.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the types of Stars?

There are many types of stars, some of which are:

1. Double and multiple stars
2. Intrinsically variable stars 
3. Nova and super Nova

2. What is albedo?

The portion of the solar energy that is reflected by a planet is referred to as albedo, and it can help us understand the atmosphere of planets. For instance, Venus has an albedo of 0.85, which means a denser and heavier atmosphere compared to other planets. On the other hand, Mercury has an albedo of 0.06, which corresponds to no atmosphere,

3. Explain Halley’s Comet.

Since comets travel in orbits, some of them are visible from Earth at regular intervals. Halley’s comet has a period of 75-76 years and the last time we saw it was in 1986 and before that, in 1910. This is the only periodic comet that is visible from the Earth with a naked eye.

4. What are the conditions for life on any planet?

• The thermal conditions, i.e., the temperature must be in the survivable range.
• The atmosphere must support life.
• The amount of water on the planet must be considerable.

5. What are White Dwarfs? 

White dwarfs are small stars that do not possess the capability for nuclear fusion and consist of elements that are lighter than iron.

Introduction

When an electric current flows through a straight copper wire, it generates a magnetic field that forms circular patterns around the wire. The Biot-Savart law is a relation that allows us to calculate the strength of this magnetic field at different distances from the wire. And its applications aren’t limited to straight wires. For instance, when current flows through a circular loop of wire, a magnetic field forms along the axis of the loop and by analyzing small segments of the wire, we can again use Biot-Savart law to understand this magnetic field. Thus, the Biot-Savart law helps us derive magnetic fields due to current-carrying conductors.

 Magnetic field due to wire

What is Biot-Savart Law?

A rod with an electrical coil carrying current wound around it can act as a magnet. Similarly, when current passes through a straight electrical wire, it creates a magnetic field. Although the measurement methods for an electrical coil and straight electrical wire differ slightly, the principle remains the same – magnetic fields originate around a conductor carrying an electric current. Through experiments with electric current and conducting wires of various shapes, the properties and characteristics of magnetic fields were understood, leading to the development of the Biot-Savart Law. Further, the direction of the magnetic field can be arrived at using the following two rules:

• The right-hand rule 
• The right-hand thumb rule

The first of these rules is related to the force experienced by charged particles in a magnetic field while the latter is related to Biot-Savart law. The latter being our focus, we state it here. According to the right hand thumb rule, if we point our thumb along the direction of current flow, our fingers curl around in the direction of the magnetic field.

Derivation of Biot-Savart Law

According to the Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field created by an infitesimal current element dl carrying a current I at a point P is:

• Directly proportional to the current and the length of the element (I dl).
• Directly proportional to the sine of angle made by the direction of current and the length of the element.
• Inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the element to the point in question.

Biot-Savart law

Biot-Savart Law Formula

A general formula that can be derived via the Biot-Savart law is that of a magnetic field created by a coil of N turns along its axis. It is given as:

Here,

N = Number of turns in the coil

I = Current flowing through the coil

R = Radius of the coil

z = Distance along the axis to the point where the magnetic field is being calculated.

At the centre of the coil, z=0 and the formula becomes:

Applications of Biot-Savart’s Law

Since Biot-Savart law can estimate magnetic fields, it can be used to estimate the sag that high tension lines would undergo and prevent them from snapping.

Biot-Savart law also enables us to determine the strength of the magnetic field at the centre of a current loop or at any point on its axis, as well as at a distance from a straight current-carrying wire. These scenarios are depicted in the figure above. Further, we can apply this law in aerodynamics theory to calculate and understand the characteristics of a vortex produced by high-velocity air pressure, which is shown in the figure below. Finally, we can employ it to model the atomic responses inside magnetic fields.

 Vortex of air

Importance of Biot-Savart’s Law

The various applications of this law have already been demonstrated. Thus, it comes in of immense use in almost all fields of physics and engineering. Here are a few examples:

Example: What is the magnetic field at the centre “O” in the figure shown below?

Since the current on either portion of the circle is in the same directions, the magnetic fields point in the opposite direction (use right hand thumb rule). Thus, they cancel out and we have

Summary

Biot-Savart law is a fundamental law in magnetostatics that explains the relationship between currents and magnetic fields. It is applicable in the case of static currents and plays a significant role in calculating the velocity of vortex lines in aerodynamics. This law is consistent with Gauss’ and Ampere’s laws and its applications include determining the field due to current on a conductor or a current-carrying loop.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the other name of Biot-Savart law?

The Biot-Savart law is also known as Laplace’s law. 

2. What is the value of relative permeability in the air? 

Air has a relative permeability of 1.

3. Describe Helmholtz coils and their application.

Helmholtz coils are two identical coils placed a certain distance apart with their axes coinciding. When current flows through them, a region of almost uniform magnetic field is obtained between them.

4. What is the unit of permeability as a unit of force?

In units of force, the unit of permeability is \(N{A^{ – 2}}\).

5. What is the flux density at the center of a solenoid coil with lengths L and N turns?

At the centre of a solenoid, magnetic flux density is given as \(\overrightarrow B  = \frac{{{\mu _0}NI}}{L}\).

जिस शब्द से किसी वस्तु, व्यक्ति, क्रिया, संज्ञा, और सर्वनाम की विशेषता का पता चलता है, उसे विशेषण कहते हैं। 

जिस शब्द से किसी क्रिया की विशेषता का पता चलता है उसे क्रिया विशेषण कहते है। यह विशेषण क्रिया से तुरंत पहले प्रयोग किए जाते है। 

इसमें लिंग, कारक, वचन, काल के कारण कोई भी बदलाव नहीं होता है। यह अपने मूल रूप में ही प्रयोग होते हैं। इसलिए इनको अविकारी शब्द कहते है।

इन वाक्यों में केवल क्रिया की विशेषता बताई जाती है। इसमें संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, व्यक्ति आदि की विशेषता नहीं बताई जाती बल्कि इनके द्वारा की गई क्रियाओं की विशेषता बताई जाती है।

जैसे: तेज, गरम, जल्दी, धीरे, नहीं, प्रतिदिन, अभी, वहां, थोड़ा, अवश्य, उधर, ऊपर, नीचे, ऊँचा, केवल, यहीं, फिलहाल, कल, पीछे, आज आदि|

उदाहरण–:

शेर तेज भागता है।

इस वाक्य में भागना क्रिया है। इस क्रिया की विशेषता तेज के द्वारा बताई गई है। इसलिए यह तेज क्रिया विशेषण है।

मैं वहाँ  नहीं आऊँगा।

इस वाक्य में आना क्रिया है। इस क्रिया की विशेषता नहीं के द्वारा बताई गई है। इसलिए नहीं क्रिया विशेषण है।      

वह अभी गया है।

इस वाक्य में गया क्रिया है। इस क्रिया की विशेषता “अभी” शब्द  के द्वारा बताई गई है। इसलिए अभी सहायक क्रिया है।               

क्रिया विशेषण के भेद (kriya visheshan ke bhed)

क्रिया विशेषण के चार भेद है-

1. कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषण
2. रीतिवाचक क्रियाविशेषण
3. स्थानवाचक क्रियाविशेषण
4. परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण

1. कालवाचक क्रिया विशेषण

जिस क्रिया विशेषण से क्रिया के होने के समय का पता चलता है उसे कालवाचक क्रिया विशेषण कहते हैं। 

जैसे- अब, तब, जब, कब, परसों, कल, पहले, पीछे, कभी, अब तक, अभी-अभी, बार-बार।

उदाहरण–:

  मैं कल देव के घर जाऊंगा।

 इस वाक्य में जाना क्रिया है और कल विशेषण से जाने का समय पता चल रहा है, इसलिए कल शब्द काल वाचक विशेषण है।

वह अब पानी पी रहा है।

इस वाक्य में पीना क्रिया है और अब शब्द के माध्यम से पानी पीने के समय का पता चल रहा है। इसलिए अब काल वाचक विशेषण है।

वह बार-बार बैठ रहा है।

इस वाक्य में बैठना क्रिया है। बैठना क्रिया का समय बार बार शब्द के द्वारा बताया जा रहा है। इसलिए बार-बार शब्द काल वाचक क्रिया विशेषण है।

रीतिवाचक क्रिया विशेषण

जो अविकारी शब्द किसी क्रिया के होने या करने के तरीके का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें रीतिवाचक क्रिया विशेषण कहते हैं।

जैसे- गलत, ध्यान से, सचमुच, ठीक, अवश्य, यथासम्भव, ऐसे, वैसे, सहसा, तेज़, सच, अत:, इसलिए, क्योंकि, नहीं, मत, कदापि, तो, हो, मात्र, भर आदि।

उदाहरण–:

अमित ध्यान से चलता है।

 इस वाक्य में चलना क्रिया है और चलने की विशेषता या तरीका ध्यान शब्द के द्वारा बताया गया है। इसलिए ध्यान शब्द रीति वाचक क्रिया विशेषण है।

विधि हमेशा सच बोलती है।

 इस वाक्य में बोलना क्रिया है, और बोलने की विशेषता सच शब्द के द्वारा बताई गई है। इसलिए यह सच शब्द रीति वाचक क्रिया विशेषण है।

 वह नहीं नाचेगा।

इस वाक्य में नाचना क्रिया है। नाचना क्रिया का तरीका नहीं शब्द के द्वारा बताया गया है। इसलिए नहीं शब्द रीति वाचक विशेषण है।

स्थानवाचक क्रिया विशेषण

जो अविकारी शब्द किसी क्रिया के होने के स्थान का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें स्थानवाचक क्रिया विशेषण कहते हैं।

जैसे- यहाँ, वहाँ, कहाँ, जहाँ, सामने, नीचे, ऊपर, आगे, भीतर, बाहर आदि।

उदाहरण-

 राधा आगे चल रही है।

 इस वाक्य में चलना क्रिया है। चलना क्रिया को विशेषता या स्थान आगे शब्द से बताया गया है। इसलिए यह स्थान वाचक क्रिया विशेषण है।

 कबीर बाहर जा रहा है।

इस वाक्य में जाना एक क्रिया है। जाना की विशेषता या स्थान बाहर के द्वारा बताई गई है। इसलिए यह स्थान वाचक क्रिया विशेषण है।

 गेंद ऊपर उछल रही है।

इस वाक्य में उछलना क्रिया है। उछलने का स्थान ऊपर शब्द के द्वारा बताया गया है। इसलिए ऊपर शब्द स्थान वाचक विशेषण है।

परिमाणवाचक क्रिया विशेषण

जो अविकारी शब्द जो क्रिया के परिमाण अथवा संख्या और मात्रा का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें परिमाणवाचक क्रिया विशेषण कहते हैं।

जैसे- बहुत, अधिक, अधिकाधिक, पूर्णतया, सर्वथा, कुछ, थोड़ा, काफ़ी, केवल, यथेष्ट, इतना, उतना, कितना, थोड़ा-थोड़ा, तिल-तिल, एक-एक करके, पर्याप्त; आदि ,जितना कुछ ।

उदाहरण–:

नितिन अधिक खाना खाता है।

  इस वाक्य में क्रिया खाना है। खाना क्रिया की मात्रा अधिक शब्द से बताई गई है। इसलिए यह परिमाण वाचक क्रिया विशेषण है।  

उसने थोड़ा थोड़ा लिखा।

  इस वाक्य में लिखना क्रिया है। लिखना क्रिया की मात्रा का बोध थोड़ा थोड़ा के माध्यम से बताई गई है। इसलिए यह परिमाण वाचक क्रिया विशेषण है।

 तुम बहुत दौड़े।

इस वाक्य में दौड़ना क्रिया है। दौड़ना क्रिया की विशेषता या परिमाण बहुत शब्द से बताई गई है। इसलिए बहुत शब्द परिमाण वाचक विशेषण है।

अधिकतर पूछें गए प्रश्न

1. क्रिया विशेषण किसे कहते हैं?

उत्तर:जिस शब्द से किसी क्रिया की विशेषता का पता चलता है उसे क्रिया विशेषण कहते है। यह विशेषण क्रिया से तुरंत पहले प्रयोग किए जाते है। इसमें लिंग, कारक, वचन, काल के कारण कोई भी बदलाव नहीं होता है। यह अपने मूल रूप में ही प्रयोग होते हैं। इसलिए इनको अविकारी शब्द कहते है।

जैसे: तेज, गरम, जल्दी, धीरे, नहीं, प्रतिदिन, आदि|

2. क्रिया विशेषण के कितने भेद है?

उत्तर:क्रिया विशेषण के चार भेद हैं।

1.कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषण

2.रीतिवाचक क्रियाविशेषण

3.स्थानवाचक क्रियाविशेषण

4.परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण

3.घर में एक बच्चा रो रहा है? इस वाक्य में कौन सा क्रिया विशेषण है?

उत्तर: इस वाक्य में परिमाण वाचक क्रिया विशेषण है क्योंकि रोना क्रिया है और एक बच्चे के द्वारा इसकी संख्या का बोध करवाया गया है।

4.रीति वाचक क्रिया विशेषण किसे कहते है?

उत्तर:रीतिवाचक क्रिया विशेषण-जो अविकारी शब्द किसी क्रिया के होने या करने के तरीके का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें रीतिवाचक क्रिया विशेषण कहते हैं।

जैसे- गलत, ध्यान से, सचमुच, ठीक, अवश्य, यथासम्भव, ऐसे, वैसे, सहसा, तेज़, सच, अत:,

5.काल वाचक क्रिया विशेषण किसे कहते है?

उत्तर:कालवाचक क्रिया विशेषण–:जिस क्रिया विशेषण से क्रिया के होने के समय का पता चलता है उसे कालवाचक क्रिया विशेषण कहते हैं। 

जैसे- अब, तब, जब, कब, परसों, कल, पहले, पीछे, कभी, अब तक, अभी-अभी, बार-बार।

इन्हे भी पढ़िये

सर्वनाम	संज्ञा
प्रत्यय	अलंकार
वर्तनी	पद परिचय
वाक्य विचार	समास
लिंग	संधि
विराम चिन्ह	शब्द विचार
अव्यय	काल

Introduction

“Victor Canning” is the author of the story “A Question of Trust”. This is a  story of a thief named “Horace Danby” who experienced justice served. He has a history of stealing. He met a woman who cheated him during one of his robbery attempts at a large home, and he was put in jail because he had completely believed her.

Short Summary of a Question of Trust

A well-respected member of society,” Horace Danby”. He was single and around fifty years old. With two assistants, he made locks. He was healthy and content. But in the summer, he experienced hay fever attacks. But he wasn’t entirely truthful. His first and only term had been completed in a prison library. He was passionate about reading. He loved pricey, rare books.

Every year, Horace Danby robbed a safe. He stole enough to last him a year. He privately used an agency to purchase the books he liked. He was no longer able to commit a robbery.

Horace Danby walked inside. In the kitchen, a small dog was sleeping. He called it by name and silenced it. The safe was placed in the drawing room. On the table was a large bowl of flowers. He felt a tickle in his nostrils. He began to sneeze. It was simple to open the safe. To cut the alarm bell’s wiring, he entered the hallway.

Finally, he heard a voice. He could stop the sneeze, the voice assured him. It was a woman’s voice. She was in the entranceway. She was attractive and young. She wore crimson clothing. She claimed to have returned in time. 

He had already been convinced by the woman that she was the landlady. She set one condition before releasing Horace. To dupe Danby, she had cooked up a lie. and told her she couldn’t remember the safe’s password. Within an hour, he opened the safe and gave her the gems.

There were Danby’s fingerprints all over the place. Without wearing gloves, he had opened the safe. He admitted to the police that the house’s landlady had asked him to access the safe. However, the landlady was a sixty-year-old woman with grey hair. She argued that the Danby story was ridiculous.

About the author

“Victor Canning”, a prominent British author of mysteries and novels who was active in the “1950s, 1960s, and 1970s”, lived from “16 June 1911 to 21 February 1986”. He was a reserved person, publishing no autobiographies, and giving just a few newspaper interviews.

Conclusion

The story conveys a message that we shouldn’t blindly trust people before learning more about them.

Think about it (Textbook questions)

1. Did you begin to suspect, before the end of the story, that the lady was not the person Horace Danby took her to be? If so, at what point did you realize this, and how?

Ans: Yes, as the story progresses, we begin to doubt if the woman was who Horace Danby thought she was. When she saw Horace, she became remarkably composed. This seemed strange to me. Strangely, she decided not to call the police and told Horace to take out all the diamonds from the safe, even if it meant busting open the safe. It didn’t seem possible for her to forget the safe’s passcode. Before the tale ended, it became obvious that the woman was not who Horace had initially believed her to be.

2. What are the subtle ways in which the lady manages to deceive Horace Danby into thinking she is the lady of the house? Why doesn’t Horace suspect that something is wrong?

Ans: She can fool anyone with her assured stroll, her familiarity with the dog Sherry, her touch-up act, and the ease with which she selects a cigarette from the appropriate location. Horace wasn’t suspicious since he was too terrified to think clearly.

3. “Horace Danby was good and respectable – but not completely honest”. Why do you think this description is apt for Horace? Why can’t he be categorized as a typical thief?

Ans: Horace’s behaviors were not those of a regular thief. He enjoyed reading. He used to only steal once a year, so he never stole more than what he needed. This definition fits Horace well because theft is still a crime regardless of how well a thief behaves. He does not commit crimes regularly like other thieves, so he cannot be classified as a typical robber.

4. Horace Danby was a meticulous planner but still, he faltered. Where did he go wrong and why?

Ans: He was, naturally, a careful planner. Before stealing each year, he carefully planned. He stumbled though. He was blind to the lady’s charming, smart, and cunning conversations. He may have been there as a thief, And he had been caught in the act. His ability to recognize the lady’s tricks was impaired by his “fear of going to jail.” Then he committed theft.

Extra Question Answer

1. How does Horace defend his actions?

Ans: Every year, he committed theft to purchase the expensive and rare books he cherished. He carefully planned each year’s theft so that there would be enough for a full year.

2. What made  Horace sneeze?

Ans: A big bowl of flowers on the drawing-room table caused Horace to start sneezing in the Grange home. Horace had hay fever, a disorder marked by sneezing brought on by a pollen allergy.

3. How did Horace explain his theft?

  Ans: Horace Danby was confident that his theft at Shotover Grange would be successful since he had researched the home, the safe’s location in the drawing room, the wiring, and its garden. His careful planning ensured that nothing could go wrong because he had also examined the servants’ movement.

4. What does the title  “A question of trust” mean?

Ans: Horace believed the statements of the woman who pretended to be the owner of the house. Even though she was a thief, Horace trusted her and did not suspect her. As a result, there is some uncertainty about whether Horace should have trusted her, and his trust in her was called a  question. Consequently, the term is appropriate.

Summary

The chapter is a story of a 15 years old thief Hari Singh(who keeps changing his name), who plans to rob Anil, a writer this time. Anil provides him shelter and food and trusts him fully unlike his previous employers. One fine day, Hari managed to steal Anils’ money and he left the house. When Hari reaches the station he does not board the train and returns to Anil’s place. 

While returning, his notes get wet in the rain. After that Hari keeps those notes back in place. When the next day Anil wakes up, he behaves normally with Hari despite knowing about the theft as the notes are still wet.   

Other Information about the author

The story is written by Indian author Ruskin Bond, who is famous for children’s literature in India. He won many awards like Padma Shree, Padma Bushan, and Sahitya academy for his literary work.

Conclusion

The author wants to convey through this story that human values and morals play a vital role in life. Anil places his full trust in Hari Singh, and converts him from a thief to a civilized person without saying it out loud.

 

Textbook Questions Answers

1. Who does ‘I’ refer to in this story?

Ans: ‘I’ is used for the narrator of the story, i.e, Hari Singh, who is a 15-year-old thief.

2. What is he “a fairly successful hand” at?

Ans: He is a fairly successful hand at robbing and stealing money from people without getting noticed.

3. What does he get from Anil in return for his work?

Ans: He used to get free food and a place to live in lieu of his service at Anil’s place. 

4. How does the thief think Anil will react to the theft?

Ans: The thief thought that Anil would be extremely sad to know about the theft, not because of losing money but rather breaching of the trust.

5. What does he say about the different reactions of people when they are robbed?

Ans: Hari has witnessed different reactions from people when they are being robbed. For example, fear will be shown by a greedy man, anger by a rich man, and acceptance by a poor.

6. Does Anil realise that he has been robbed?

Ans: Yes, Anil realized that he had been robbed because notes were still wet while he gave 50 rupees to Hari Singh. However, he behaved normally as if nothing had happened.

Think about it

1. What are Hari Singh’s reactions at the prospect of receiving an education? Do they change overtime? {Hint: compare, for example, the thought: ‘I knew that once I could write like an educated man there would be no limit to what I could achieve’ with these later thoughts:

‘Whole sentences, I knew, could one day bring me more than a few hundred rupees. It was a simple matter to steal and sometimes just as simple to be caught. But to be a really big man, a clever and respected man, was something else.’) What makes him return to Anil?

Ans:  Hari Singh was happy at the prospect of receiving an education and it changed over time. Initially, he wanted to be literate, so that he could become a big limitless thief. Later on, he realized that even being a big cheat would not give him respect and peace in life like Anil( who also had irregular sources of income but was more satisfied). Now Hari wanted to receive an education to be civilized.           .

2. Why does Anil not hand the thief over to the police? Do you think most people would have done so? In what ways is Anil different from such employers?

Ans: Anil does not hand over the thief to the police because he is aware that Hari (the thief) has changed now and wants to live like a civilized member of the society.

No, most people would not have done so. Anil was different from others as he was more patient and had faith in Hari’s changed heart.

3. Do you think people like Anil and Hari Singh are found only in fiction, or are there such people in real life?

Ans: Although it is difficult to find people like Anil and Hari Singh in the real world, not impossible. In real life, you would find hardly a thief realizes his mistake and the owner would forgive him easily like Anil. Rather the owner would beat the thief and hand him over to the police.

4. Do you think it is a significant detail in the story that Anil is a struggling writer? This explains his behaviour in any way.

Ans: Yes, it is a significant detail in the story that Anil is a struggling writer with an irregular source of income and sometimes he used to borrow money and worried about his next income. This explains his behavior that he does not want to get money by doing something unethical like Hari Singh.

5. Have you met anyone like Hari Singh? Can you think and imagine the circumstances that can turn a fifteen year old boy into a thief?

Ans: No, I have not met anyone like Hari Singh as it is rare to find such people. There can be many reasons which can force a fifteen years old boy in such circumstances. These reasons may include poverty, greed to become rich, and sometimes addiction as well.

6. Where is the story set? (You can get clues from the names of the persons and places mentioned in it). Which language or languages are spoken in these places? Do you think the characters in the story spoke to each other in English?

Ans: The story is set in some place in Uttar Pradesh as it was evident that Hari Singh was about to board the Express train to Lucknow. Hindi and other regional dialects are spoken in these places. And I don’t think that the characters spoke in English to each other in English.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Why does Hari Singh keep changing his name?

Ans: Hari Singh used to keep changing his name to escape from being caught by the police

2. Why didn’t Hari Singh board the train?

Ans: Hari Singh could not afford to break the trust of Anil who has extreme faith in him.

3. Where did Hari Singh meet Anil?

Ans: Anil and Hari Singh met while they were watching a wrestling match and Hari tried to befriend Anil and asked for a job for himself.

4. Name some other literary works of Ruskin bond.

Ans: Some of the famous novels of Ruskin Bond are: The Blue Umbrella, Funny Side Up, and A Flight of Pigeons.

Introduction

The volume of a pyramid is the space engulfed between the faces of the pyramid. The volume of the pyramid depends on the area of the base of the pyramid and the height of the pyramid. The different types of the pyramid consist of different bases so the volume of the pyramid differs from each other as the areas of the bases are different because a triangular pyramid has a triangle base and a square pyramid has a square base, the base areas are different so, the volume of the pyramid also different.

What is a Pyramid?

A pyramid is a three-dimensional solid structure with a polygon base and the other faces as triangles with all the vertex of the base linked to a single point called the apex of the pyramid. All the triangle faces are lateral faces. There are many types of pyramids each differing by the different-sided polygon base. If the base of the pyramid has n-sides then the pyramid has n+1 faces, n+1 vertices, and 2n edges. The perpendicular distance from the apex to the base is called the height of the pyramid, the perpendicular distance from the apex to any edge of the base is called the slant height of the pyramid.

Example: The pyramids of Egypt, etc.

Types of pyramids

The polygon bases make the pyramids differ from each other. Each type of pyramid has a different polygon base.

Triangular Pyramid: If the base of the pyramid is a triangle then the pyramid is called a triangular pyramid.  A triangular base is a three-sided polygon.

Number of faces of the pyramid (n=3) : 3 + 1 = 4

Number of vertices of the pyramid (n=3) : 3 + 1 = 4

Number of edges of the pyramid (n=3) : 23 = 6

Square Pyramid: If the base of the pyramid is a square then the pyramid is called a square pyramid.  A square base is a four-sided polygon. All sides of the base are equal in length.

Number of faces of the pyramid (n=4) : 4 + 1 = 5

Number of vertices of the pyramid (n=4) : 4 + 1 = 5

Number of edges of the pyramid (n=4) : \(2 \times 4 = 8\)

Rectangular Pyramid: If the base of the pyramid is a rectangle then the pyramid is called a rectangular pyramid. A rectangular base is a four-sided polygon. All the opposite sides of the base are equal in length.

Number of faces of the pyramid (n=4) : 4 + 1 = 5

Number of vertices of the pyramid (n=4) : 4 + 1 = 5

Number of edges of the pyramid (n=4) : \(2 \times 4 = 8\)

Hexagonal Pyramid: If the base of the pyramid is a hexagon then the pyramid is called a hexagonal pyramid. A hexagon base is a six-sided polygon.

Number of faces of the pyramid (n=6) : 6 + 1 = 7

Number of vertices of the pyramid (n=6) : 6 + 1 = 7

Number of edges of the pyramid (n=4) : \(2 \times 6 = 12\)

There are other types of pyramids like a pentagonal pyramid with a five-sided pentagon as the base, etc…

These pyramids also differ as regular and irregular pyramids based on the base, if the base of the pyramid is regular then it is a regular pyramid. If the base of the pyramid is irregular then it is an irregular pyramid.

Don’t miss the chance to master the concept of ‘Volume of a Pyramid’. Join our Maths Tuition now and unlock your full potential!

What is the volume of a Pyramid?

The volume of a pyramid depends upon the base area and the height of the pyramid (the perpendicular distance from the apex point to the base of the pyramid).

Consider the area of the base of the pyramid as B.

The height of the pyramid is H.

The formula for the volume of the pyramid:

The volume of the pyramid = \(\frac{1}{3} \times B \times H\)

Units of the volume of the pyramid would be cubic units. Also should convert all the parameter units into one unit before calculating the volume of the pyramid.

As we know there are different types of pyramids based on different bases (different bases contain different base areas) let’s check the volume of the pyramid for the different types of the pyramid.

Triangular Pyramid: We know that a triangular pyramid contains a triangle base. The volume of a triangular pyramid would be:

Consider H as the height of the pyramid, h as the height of the base triangle for the base that has length b:

The area of the base triangle would be B= \(\frac{1}{2} \times b \times h\)

Substituting B in the volume of the pyramid formula:

The volume of the triangular pyramid =\( = \frac{1}{3} \times B \times H = \frac{1}{3} \times \frac{1}{2} \times b \times h \times H\)

The volume of the triangular pyramid =\(\frac{1}{6} \times b \times h \times H\)             

Square Pyramid:  We know that a square pyramid contains a square base. The volume of a square pyramid would be:

Consider H as the height of the pyramid, and a as the length of the side of the square:

The area of the base square would be B=\({a^2}\)

Substituting B in the volume of the pyramid formula:

The volume of the square pyramid\( = \frac{1}{3} \times B \times H = \frac{1}{3} \times {a^2} \times H\)

The volume of the square pyramid\( = \frac{1}{3} \times {a^2} \times H\)

Rectangular pyramid:  We know that a rectangular pyramid contains a rectangle base. The volume of a rectangular pyramid would be:

Consider H as the height of the pyramid, l as the length of the rectangle base, and b as the breadth of the rectangle base,

The area of the base rectangle would be \(B = l \times b\)

Substituting B in the volume of the pyramid formula:

The volume of the rectangular pyramid\( = \frac{1}{3} \times B \times H = \frac{1}{3} \times l \times b \times h\)

The volume of the rectangular pyramid\( = \frac{1}{3} \times l \times b \times h\)

Hexagonal (regular) Pyramid: We know that a hexagonal pyramid contains a hexagon base. Considering this is a regular hexagon all the side lengths of the hexagon would be the same. The volume of a hexagonal pyramid would be:

Consider H as the height of the pyramid, and a as the length of the side of the hexagon

Solved Examples

1. A square pyramid has a height of 10cm and the length of the side of the square base is 3cm. Find the volume of the square pyramid?

Given the height of the pyramid H = 10cm, 

The length of the side of the square base a = 3cm

2. A rectangular pyramid has a height of 15cm, the length of the rectangular base is 5cm, and the breadth of the rectangular base is 4cm. Find the volume of the rectangular pyramid?

Word Problems

1. Consider an Egyptian pyramid with a square base of 50m side length and height of the pyramid is 150m, Find the volume of the Egyptian pyramid?

Given the height of the pyramid H = 150m, 

The length of the side of the square base a = 50m

Summary

A pyramid is a polyhedron as the faces of a pyramid is made up of different polygons. The volume of a pyramid is the space occupied by the pyramid in the three-dimensional space. In this tutorial, we learned about pyramids, different types of pyramids, the volume of a pyramid, the volume of different types of pyramids, how to calculate the volume of the different types of a pyramid, and a few examples .

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the volume of a triangular pyramid?

The volume of the triangular pyramid = \(\frac{1}{6} \times b \times h \times H\)

H is the height of the pyramid, b and h are the base and height of the base triangle.

2. What is meant by an irregular hexagonal pyramid?

An irregular hexagonal pyramid has an irregular hexagon (all side lengths are not equal)  as the base of the pyramid.

3. What is meant by slant height in a pyramid?

The perpendicular distance from the apex to any edge of the base is called the slant height of the pyramid.

4. What is the volume of a regular hexagonal pyramid?

The volume of the hexagonal pyramid\( = \frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{2} \times {a^2} \times H\)

H is the height of the pyramid, a is the side length of the hexagonal base.

5. What is the volume of a rectangular pyramid?

The volume of the rectangular pyramid\( = \frac{1}{3} \times l \times b \times h\)

H is the height of the pyramid, l and b are the length and breadth of the base rectangle.

Also Read : Volume of Cuboid
Volume Of Sphere

Introduction

A ‘Triumph of Surgery’ is about a little dog, Tricki who was spoiled and indulged with unhealthy treats by his rich mistress, Mrs Pumphrey. Before long, the dog becomes sick and is taken by the veterinarian, Mr Herriot to a clinic for therapy and his well-being. It describes how the owner shows love for her dog through excessive eating which becomes the cause of his illness.

Short Summary of a Triumph of Surgery

The story begins when Mrs Pumphrey takes Tricki for a stroll. A close veterinary notices Tricki and is stunned by his plumped body. He encourages her to quit overfeeding him yet she can’t deny him.

Before long Tricki falls debilitated and the specialist is called. The storyteller, Mr Herriot then in some way takes Tricki to the medical clinic although he realises that Mrs Pumphrey can’t keep her dog out of sight. Tricki was lethargic for a few days. One day, he glances around and whines a little. Subsequently, he went out and began playing with the bigger dogs.

Soon his condition began improving. He began battling for his feasts with different canines. When Mrs Pumphrey heard, she began remitting him eggs as she felt that Tricki was recuperating from disease and required energy food. Mr Herriot and his accomplices began consuming those eggs and wine. He felt that he wanted to keep Tricki and felt blissful because of his presence and his bounties. However, he made a shrewd choice and called up Mrs Pumphrey as she was stressed and Tricki was fit to be brought back home. Tricki rejoiced to see his maiden and bounced into the vehicle. Mrs Pumphrey said that she is grateful to him and that his medical procedure had been fruitful as Tricki was relieved.

Conclusion

An overdose of something that is otherwise good means an extreme sum that becomes overpowering or hurtful, instead of accommodating or pleasurable. In limited quantities, the thing might work out great for you; in enormous sums, the thing is destructive or a weight.

A Triumph of Surgery – Text Book Questions

1.What kind of a person do you think the narrator, a veterinary surgeon, is? Would you say he is tactful as well as full of common sense?

Ans. The storyteller is an able and shrewd specialist. He treated Tricki appropriately. He doesn’t work on the dog pointlessly and fixes him by adjusting his eating regimen and exercises.

He was aware of precisely how to persuade Mrs Pumphrey to hospitalize Tricki. His choice to illuminate Mrs Pumphrey to gather Tricki upholds his sensibilities although he was enticed to keep Tricki as a long-lasting visitor.

2.Do you think Tricki was happy to go home? What do you think will happen now?

Ans. Tricki was glad to return home as he truly adored his paramour and the solace of his sumptuous life. He had no companions at home like in the medical clinic, yet he appeared to be similarly energized at seeing Mrs Pumphrey. I feel that Mrs Pumphrey will be cautious about Tricki’s eating routine and well-being by giving him a workout as recommended.

3. Do you think it is a real-life episode or mere fiction? Or is it a mixture of both?

Ans. The story is a combination of both. Rich people could be able to overload their pets because of adoration. In any case, it is improbable for a veterinary specialist to make a special effort and lie to save a creature. It is uncommon for anybody to devour food which is given for the sake of a pet’s well-being.

4. This episode describes the silly behaviour of a rich woman who is foolishly indulgent, perhaps because she is lonely. Do you think such people are merely silly or can their actions cause harm to others?

Ans. Mrs Pumphrey’s activities had a hurtful response on Tricki’s health. She was overpampering Tricki for the sake of adoration. This deteriorated his condition which lead to hospitalization. Individuals like Mrs Pumphrey are senseless as their activities can have risky ramifications for other people.

5. Do you think there are parents like Mrs Pumphrey?

Ans. Indeed, there are guardians like Mrs Pumphrey who ruin their kids by spoiling them regardless of monitoring the unsafe consequences.

6. What would you have done if you were :

a)member of the staff in Mrs Pumphrey’s household?

Ans. I would have not walked on the path of  Mrs Pumphrey to indiscriminately take care of Tricki. I would have taken care of him as per the vet’s recommendation. I would have avoided delivering toys to the clinic. These extra efforts might have had an extra toll on my chorus.

 b)a neighbour? What would your life have been like, in general?

Ans. If I was Mrs Pumphrey’s next door, I would have encouraged her to counsel a vet and heed his guidance remembering Tricki’s decaying well-being. I would have likewise been strong in their difficult time. 

7. What would you have done if you were in the narrator’s place?

Ans. I would shower Tricki with solace and love. I would have been similarly mindful as Mr James Herriot and somewhat strident while encouraging Mrs Pumphrey about Tricki’s eating regimen knowing her approach to showing love. I would have likewise not consumed Tricki’s eggs and wine.

Also Read: A Triumph of Surgery Class 10 Questions and Answers

Extra Question Answer

1. Why does Mrs Pumphrey think the dog’s recovery is ‘A triumph of Surgery’?

Ans. Mrs Pumphrey feels that Tricki’s recuperation is a victory over the medical procedure since his disease was intense with not very many opportunities for Tricki to cope. In this way, his restoration was an extraordinary accomplishment, as per her.

2. What are the ways to keep children engaged in present times?

Ans. In today’s world full of distractions, we must try to incorporate- 

1. Sports.
2. Arts/music.
3. Learn a foreign language.

3. What are the ill effects of expensive gifts on children and their harm?

Ans. It could lead to pride and overconfidence which will lead to delusions. It is not about how much we spend but rather how we spend.

4. Why is ‘Health more important than Wealth’?

Ans. If a person has good health, then he has overall well-being. Having only wealth does not necessarily mean the same. 

Introduction

Robert Frost, an American Poet, wrote the poem. One of the most famous poets, wrote about the rural life of the people of England, where the major themes he used in his works were isolation, everyday human life, struggles, and specifically, the connection of the human mind with nature. This tutorial will discuss one of his poems, ‘A Roadside Stand’ by Robert Frost.

Short Summary

This poem is about a farmer who puts a new shed in his house which was small and it was on the edge of a road. The poet says that the road was busy with cars.But not a single car is stopping at the roadside shop put up by the rural people. Even though no car stops at these shops and the poor are not benefiting from their shop , they still hold their hope thinking about a better future.

Some cars that stop at the shop ask for help to find a way to reach their destination .Some people stop to shop and are taken aback by the bad condition of the shop .They just say bad things about the condition of the shop and leave. They never find the time to help the poor.

The poet compares the life of these poor people who live in the rural areas with the people living in urban areas. The rich people who live in urban areas don’t even try to help the poor roadside stand holders.

Later in the news it was declared that the poor will be helped by the government soon. Their shops will be taken by the officials and they will be offered a home in their village . So that they can lead a better and happy life.

But the truth is that no one is going to help these poor. The officials who are responsible for their welfare just give them temporary hopes. They give promises to these people by acting that they want to help them. But in reality all they want is just to benefit by fooling these poor people. Even in the name of helping them ,the rich people find a way to benefit themselves. Thereby leading the poors to continue in their miserable life.

Through the poem , the poet requests his readers to help the poor. He shows us the awful life they are living and gives a wakeup call to our humanity.

Conclusion

The poet says that he feels bad and miserable at the sufferings of the poor village people. He passionately wanted to find a way to get rid of all problems of the poor to be done away with in one stroke in order to end their pain. But he knew that it was childish and of no use. So, that is why he desires someone who can relieve him of his pain by killing him.

 

Textbook Questions and Answers:

1.What did the poet think of the roadside vendor?

The poet is upset to witness the shed owners’ prolonged waiting period for potential bidders. He laments the folks who set up the roadside stand for their “childish longing in vain.”

2.What was the request made by the vendors of the roadside shops?

All these poor vendors wanted was to get some money to live a good life. They wanted the cars passing through the roads to stop and buy things from them. They wanted the rich people to consider shopping from them too and help them to have a good  living .

3.Despite their appearance of aiding the destitute rural residents, the public assistance organizations are useless. Pick out the phrases and words the poet chooses to demonstrate their hypocrisy.

Greedy good-doers, beneficent beasts of prey.

4.What does the poet mean by “childish longing”? What makes it “vain”? 

It is a childlike wish on the part of the man with the roadside stand to hope that some cars may pass by and make a purchase or at the very least inquire about the cost of the farmer’s produce. No cars pass past, hence it is useless or pointless. All day long, the poor people kept their shops open on the roadside hoping that some cars would stop and buy things from them. But nothing like that happened.

A Roadside Stand Extra Questions and Answers

1.What was the condition of the Roadside Stand?

The condition of the roadside stand is poor and deprived, compared to the people of the city.

2.Why do the rural people ask for money from the City people?

The rural people ask for money so that they too can lead a life of happiness and prosperity.

3.What was the purpose behind having a Roadside stand?

The rural people were expecting that the city people would stop for a while and buy things from their shop so that they would earn some money for a better life.

4.Did the government officials ever keep their promises?

No. The government officials never fulfilled the promises they gave to the poor people. They give hope to these people for temporary happiness. But all they want to do is to benefit themselves in the name of helping them. No genuine effort is made from their side.